Annotated Bibliography On Google Chrome - 1242 Words

CHAPTER: 2 INTRODUCTION TO GOOGLE CHROME 2.0 INTRODUCTION: [7]Google Chrome is a freeware web browser accessible by Google. Basically the software is free of cost .The chrome is easily offered and easy to use. It was first in 2008, for Microsoft Windows, and was future sketch in the Linux , macOS ,iOS and Android. Google Chrome is also the essential part of Chrome OS, where it assists a policy for running web apps. Google announcements the most of Chrome’s source code as the Chromium open-source project. The core of the Google chrome is written in the C++ language .The rendering Engine of the chrome is Web core and C++.The java script Engine is V8 and C++ in Google Chrome. The developers of Google Chrome are Google. It is available in 47 languages. The operating systems it support are †¢ Android 4.1 or later †¢ IOS (version 9 or later ) †¢ LINUX (GTK v2.24 or Later) †¢ Windows 7 or Later The windows, Linux, UI bits are written in C++. The Mac/IOS UI bits are written in Objective C .The Android UI bits are written in Java. Initial release was on September 2, 2008, about 8 years ago. It is free ware under Google terms and conditions. Google Chrome is an open source software program for traversing the www World Wide Web and successively Web-based application and Mobile Based applications. 2.1 HISTORY: Google business leader Eric Schmidt disparate the progress of an independent web browser for six ages. He indicated that â€Å"at the era, Google was a minor company,† and he did notShow MoreRelatedThe Internet And Its Impact On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesflexible by saving space, time, and money. If this comes into play, traditional web servers will not be able to compete with the same performance as a cloud server. Many individuals are already involved with cloud services such as OneDrive, Dropbox, Google Drive, etc. Over the past few years, more and more items are being tied to web servers such as refrigerators, watches, home systems, etc. Devices like these will continue to come forth in the future. Generally, the overall purpose of a web serverRead MoreEssay on Culminating Project for RDG 5438982 Words   |  36 Pagestraditional desks when watching a video on the Smart Board. Individual student work area includes a desktop PC that includes speakers and text book. All students in our county have been issued Chrome books at have WiFi connections to the school network and are about to be connected at home. These Chrome books are not able to have Microsoft Office on them, rendering them just about useless for my class. PART TWO: ASSESSMENT PLAN Formal Assessment related to instruction plan: The North

Essays about 3 Famous Arguments of Gods Existence

Introduction In order to understand God from a philosophical standpoint this paper will aim at comprehensively discussing the three famous arguments of Gods existence that arouse as a result of debates between philosophers and theologians. These arguments which will be critically examined in the text include; the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments. The ontological argument This argument focuses on God as a perfect being and was formulated by one St. Anslem a catholic archbishop. He argues that God not only exists in our understanding but also in reality since for a being to be perfect it must exist in all possible circumstances. Hence a God that can exist in only particular circumstances and fails in others is considered as a less than perfect being. The cosmological argument This argument attempts to prove the existence of God by use of concepts such as; motion,   efficient cause as well as possibility and necessity. St Thomas of Aquinas is responsible for this argument. On the concept of motion he argues that, whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another which cannot extend to infinity due to the presence of a first mover who in this case is God himself. In the efficient cause aspect he argues that, no circumstances events or anything whatsoever can change itself but it can be able to change other things. Therefore a string of change which can’t be infinite is formulated. As a result all this changes can be attributed to a first cause, that’s God. He thus exists. On the concept of possibility and necessity he argues that anything made possible attributes its existence to a preexisting thing. The teleological argument St Thomas of Aquinas is responsible for this argument too. Here he focuses on the governance of the world by examining the manner in which natural things that are devoid of intelligence act to an end. He asserts that if anything is to act to an end it must posses intelligence or be directed by a being who posses intelligence. He regards this being that is responsible for the direction of natural substances without intelligence to an end as God. Conclusion From the forgoing discussion it is clear that philosophy too acknowledges the existence of God. This is reached upon by critical evaluation of fundamental facts that contribute to this truth. The three arguments play a critical role in this examination as they provide the needed facts. It can thus be argued that philosophy is factual and objective in its understanding of God and his existence.

The Role of Women in Beowulf - 1137 Words

The Role of Women in Beowulf The women in Beowulf, which was written around 70 CE by an anonymous poet, fill many different roles, ranging from peacekeepers to wives and monsters, all of which are evidenced in the Queen Wealtheow, Queen Hygd, Hidleburh, and Grendel’s mother. The most prominent role of women throughout the poem is devoted wives and queens, which is reflected in the portrayal of Queen Wealtheow. When she is first introduced, Wealtheow â€Å"went on her rounds, queenly and dignified, decked out in rings, offering the goblet to all ranks, treating the household and the assembled troop† and then â€Å"with measured words she welcomed the Geat and thanked God for granting her wish that a deliverer she could believe in would arrive to ease their afflictions† (lines 620–28). The anonymous poet paints a picture of Wealtheow as gracious, regal, and put together, everything that an ideal queen should be. Not only is she physically perfect, but she is also an ideal hostess – one who tends to everyone, welcomes guests warmly, and ensures that everything is running smoothly for her husband. Later in the poem, Wealtheow gives a toast, â€Å"enjoy this drink, my most generous lord; raise up your goblet, entertain the Geats d uly and gently, discourse with them, be open-handed, happy and fond† (lines 1168–71). Similar to this one, Wealtheow often gives speeches or toasts throughout the poem, something that, though not entirely masculine, is usually reserved for kings to give to hisShow MoreRelatedRole Of Women In Beowulf1039 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the novel Beowulf, women can be looked at as unimportant, but from Campbell’s excerpt one can see how the role of women in Beowulf is as essential as the role of men. Throughout the course of Beowulf, many men take part in acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice, but what many do not notice is the roles women have taking part in those same actions. Although women’s acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice in this novel seem to be minor and not as celebrated as the men’s acts, theyRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Beowulf1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Beowulf Beowulf is an epic tale written over twelve hundred years ago. In the poem, several different female characters are introduced, and each woman possesses detailed and unique characteristics. The women in Beowulf are portrayed as strong individuals, each of whom has a specific role within the poem. Some women are cast as the cup-bearers and gracious hostesses of the mead halls, such as Wealhtheow and Hygd, while others, Grendels mother, fulfill the role of a monstrousRead MoreEssay about Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf1585 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf As an epic tale of heroes and monsters, Beowulf gives its readers much excitement and adventure, but Beowulfs importance is more than just literary. It offers many insights into the beliefs and customs of seventh-century Anglo-Saxon culture. Among these insights is the Anglo-Saxon view of women and their role in society. Good Anglo-Saxon women are peaceful and unassertive, greeting guests and serving drinks to the warriors and other men in the meadhall. WealhtheowRead More Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society932 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beowulf, the hero of Anglo-Saxon epic, had many adventures, and many companions and fellow-warriors are mentioned throughout his story. Some of them seem noble and courageous, truly living up to the standards of their culture; some seem cowardly. But all have gained immortality in the words, many times transcribed and translated, of the famous epic. However, the women of the time are rarely mentioned in Beowulf. Still, even from those fewRead MoreThe Role of Women in English Literature: From Beowulf up to the Late Eighteenth Century963 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the role of women in English literature, both as characters in works written by men and women and as authors in their own right, from Beowulf up to the late eighteenth century. The role of women in English literature from Beowulf up to the late eighteenth century mostly represented the mores and gender expectations of the time. Exceptions were Rebecca in Sir Walter Scotts Ivanhoe who epitomized an intelligent and courageous woman and Grendalls mother in Beowulf who tried to attack theRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Literature Was Composed Between The Years 6501510 Words   |  7 PagesAnglo-Saxon literature was composed between the years 650 and 1110. Beowulf is one of the most famous epics written during this time. It’s also known as the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem. Most stories written during this time were about the deeds of warriors, heroic acts, and religion. Beowulf is a warrior from the Geats who is asked to come protect king Hrothgar from an attack by a sea monster named Grendel. All of these characters are men. There are very few epicsRead More Medieval Women Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesMedieval Women The roles of women in early Anglo-Saxon culture were strictly defined. Women were viewed as possessions and served the function of the peace-weaver. In this role women were married off to warring tribes to promote peace and were to perform duties such as passing the cup from warrior to warrior during ceremonial functions. Women in Anglo-Saxon culture possessed virtually no autonomy and consequently were consistently at the mercy of their lords or husbands. The sense ofRead MoreThe Similarities Of Beowulf And Sense And Sensibility1345 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent eras and literary movements are going to have similarities. At first glance the two stories, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility, are completely different, but if you look closer, youll find as many similarities as differences, its just that the differences are the most prevalent elements of these two literary pieces. To start off, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility are very different. Firstly, Beowulf is an epic lyric poem; a lyric poem is a poem meant to sung, while an epic poem is an elegy, aRead MoreJohn Leyerle, Jane Chance, And J.r. R. Tolkien1422 Words   |  6 Pagesvaluable insight to their respective depictions of Beowulf’s structure. While Chance and Tolkien are accurate in terms of the representation of the monsters and historical references in Beowulf, Leyerle’s argument offers a more inclusive and whole depiction of Beowulf’s structure. Leyerle describes the structure of Beowulf as interlacing. Leyerle’s essay is more cogent than Chance’s and Tolkien’s through the definition of interlace, the significance of digressions, and historical allusions presented inRead MoreThe Importance Of Female Heroism Through The Epic Of Beowulf1660 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is known for displaying the importance of male heroism via Beowulf, but what about the significance of the women in the poem? The significance of women in Beowulf is overshadowed by the great heroism of the character Beowulf, but the women each have a reason for participating in the epic. The ideal woman was someone who was a noble, a mistress and loyal. An ideal woman is described in Maxim I: â€Å"at mead drinking she must at all times and places approach the protector of princes first, in front

Capitalism And Feminism A Form Of An Economic And Social...

Capitalism is a form of an economic and social organisation characterised by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and the exchange of goods by private ownership Knox, P. and Marston, S. (2014). Capitalisation creates opportunity to build global trading relationships and financial institutions that have an impact on national and regional economies. Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies that share a common goal to create change by establishing the equality of genders to ensure that women are treated fairly in the social, political and economical environments. The purpose of this essay is to establish the problems and potentials that arise from Capitalism and Feminism that have emerged as a result of globalisation and how feminism is helping to overcome issues of inequality that have emerged in the everyday living of women in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country located in South Asia it is bordered by the country of India (Figure 1.1) . The capital city of Bangladesh Is Dhaka, As of 2013 Bangladesh has a population of 162 077 360 people, of which 4,237,592 are woman. (World Bank) Feminism ensures that women are treated equally within the capitalist workforce. In developing countries there is an evident negative effect of capitalisation as seen in countries such as Bangladesh for the country has limited protections available for women in the workforce. However capitalism has increased the standard of living in BangladeshShow MoreRelatedOutline and Assess the Five Main Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology2024 Words   |  9 Pagespolitical practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called Marxism. Under capitalism, the proletariat, the working class own only their capacity to work meaning they have the ability only to sell their own labour. According to Marx a class is defined by the relations of its members to the means of production. Under capitalism, the workers, in order to support their families are paid a minimum wage or salary. The worker is alienated because he has noRead MoreFamily and Household2017 Words   |  9 PagesSociology is the subject which looks at the social world around us, how the social world works and how it effects and influences our daily lives. People tend to accept the social arrangements in which they grew up as normal or too complicated to understand. The family is the natural way to bring up children and schools are the normal places for children to learn. For most people the social world is just there, challenging their lives, they cannot change it and it is not really worth while tryingRead MoreRadical Feminism Versus Liberal Feminism1931 Wor ds   |  8 Pagesextension of feminism into theoretical and philosophical discourse. They aim at understanding of the nature of gender inequality .They in turn examine women’s social roles and life experiences .While in general some provide a critique of social relationships .Most feminist theories also focus on analysing gender inequality and the promotion of women’s rights, interests and issues .Among such theories are the Liberal feminism and the Radical feminism theories. While Liberal and Radical feminism both seekRead MoreCritically evaluate the contribution made by sociologists to our understanding of health and illness2889 Words   |  12 Pageshealth and illness Sociology, the study of society and social behaviour of groups, at various levels and from different perspectives, from solid interpretations to generalisations. It can vary from the study of two individuals encounter to the analysis of global social processes. There are three main areas of sociology, social structures such as education, family and social stratification, social systems for example culture and identity and social issues such as the causes of crime and the impact ofRead MoreEmployment Relations Theories2860 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction The employment relationship is the heart of any industrial relations system. It is the relationship between the employer and the employee. A successful employment relationship has always been the foundation of any successful business or organisation no matter how big or small. Variety of philosophers and writers of management have written a lot of theories relating to employment relationship. These theories have changed vastly from the classical era to the modern era, addressing issues thatRead MoreSociological And Common Sense Understanding1341 Words   |  6 PagesSociology Throughout this essay, I will explain the distinction between sociological and common sense understanding, highlight the differences between sociology and other social sciences, and evaluate two sociological perspectives – Marxism and feminism. Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It examines the development of social structures, and the interaction between these structures and human behaviour. Sociologists aim to provide tools of understanding the process of socialisation, andRead MoreGender And Class, Production And Reproduction, Exploitation And Oppression2094 Words   |  9 PagesMarx and Engels onwards. Vogel’s analysis of the contribution of various 19th and 20th century socialists, which actually makes up much of the first two thirds of the book, is weak when compared to the final section elaborating her own theory of social reproduction. In particular, Vogel fails to engage with some important arguments made by Clara Zetkin and Lenin, as well as Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra Kollontai and Leon Trotsky (the latter does not even warrant a mention), about the key role of theRead MoreHealth and Social Care - Unit 7 (P1P2) Principle Sociological Perspectives2289 Words   |  10 PagesPrincipal Sociological Perspectives P1 P2 The principal sociological perspectives are Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism, collectivism, postmodernism, ‘New Right’. Functionalist Approach Functionalism is a sociological approach that sees the institutions of society – which are sometimes likened to the human body, as the institutions, such as the police, hospitals, etc, work in union and they make specific contributions to the smooth running of society. Talcott Parsons (1902 –Read MoreThe Late Arrival of Feminist Approaches to the Study of International Relations Theory2660 Words   |  11 Pageswhich have been covered by feminism. This essay will not only consist of my thoughts as to what can be learnt but certain facts and thoughts from other people. I will be attempting to provide you with an insight into the history of feminist; outlining when it arrived in IR. In addition, I will be providing a brief summary of the several types of feminist approaches; Liberal feminism, Marxist feminism and Radical feminism. The history of feminism in accordance with actual eventsRead MoreFundamental Values Of Society And The Human Body2729 Words   |  11 Pagesfor comparing society to the human body. The different institutions in society each have special offers to produce just as the body works through the structured interrelationship of basic organs, like the lungs, heart and liver. They use tactics of social control to deal distribute with abnormal members or groups, and they also work together. As a psychological approach, Talcott Parsons performed an important job in the growth of functionalism. He views society as a system that consists of consistent

World Resources †scarcity and conflict Free Essays

string(271) " think there should be an international one child policy, but as a whole unit we need to find a method to achieve optimum population and taking into consideration a specific area’s carrying capacity and therefore move into the direction of sustainable development\." In the 1960s, one photograph changed the way world leaders, scientists and the general population thought about the management of the world’s resources. People became concerned about the world’s resources running out. This photograph was our Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on World Resources – scarcity and conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now When world leaders saw this photograph taken from space, the world looked for the first time the world looked small and finite, this is because there is so many people on this planet and there needs to be consideration on what resources we use, and how much we use of them. The term ‘spaceship earth’ is applied here to describe how people felt about the Earth’s resources†¦they were limited just as a spaceship has limited reserves of air, water and food. Before world leaders were in illusion thinking that the world’s resources were in abundance. Some resources are non renewable meaning that after they run out there is no way of replacing them, and they only reform after millions of years these resources are called fossil fuels. There are three types of fossil fuels (crude oil, coal and natural gas). These resources are the resources the world should be concerned about and therefore use it sparingly. However the fossil fuels although the most important are not the only non renewable resources, others include food and forests. There are other resources called renewable energy sources which are starting to be developed such as biomass and wind power which takes the earth’s natural processes such as wind and through certain mechanisms covert it into energy which can be used for electricity. So in answer to the question, the fossil fuels are the most important world resources, however there are other non renewable world resources that have to be carefully used otherwise certain things couldn’t happen, for example imagine what the world would be like without out any wood. When the first maps of the world were created, many parts of the world were not discovered and therefore because society in that day and age believed in sea creatures and mermaids and other such things, everyone thought two things, firstly that at the end of the world was limitless and secondly that at the end of the worlds there were sea monsters. The first maps of the world were flat. Naturally many incorrect assumptions had been made, the world was not limitless and of course no sea monsters. However as countries began to be discovered the world seemed to become limitless and powerful. People began to have a care free attitude about the resources because they thought they would never run out. Things started to go downhill when it was discovered that the world was actually round, people started to believe that the world was not limitless, however they still remained in the delusion that the world’s resources were not going to run out any time soon and then therefore continued with their care free attitude. It was not until the 1960’s that people began to get worried about the world’s resources and decide to do something not to waste electricity (which in theory is the product of fossil fuels). This diagram shows how many people began to care about the world. Background There are two main official views in regard to the world’s resources running out. These are optimists and pessimists: Optimists View Optimists believe that the world’s resources are eventually going to run out, but we can delay that happening, and our future is not doomed. Because the is such talk and media coverage of the world’s resources running out optimists hope that people will alter their lifestyle and take certain measures to delay the world’s resources running out such as turning their computers off at night. Optimists also believe because of advanced technology and science, we can discover more and more alternative fuels, optimists believe that people would use alternative energy sources as it is cheap and therefore more economical. In the future optimists believe that there should be a more equal distribution of the world’s resources. Famous optimists include E.Boserup and J.Simon. Pessimists View These people believe that the world’s resources have a finite limit and could eventually run out or be damaged beyond repair. In 1970, 10 countries, known as the Club of Rome, met in order to discuss resource management. Their report, entitled ‘The Limits to Growth’, made predictions about a world where continued industrial and population growth would consume both resources and food supplies. This Club believed that population increase are the reason why world resources are running out because there is more demand for it; they put forward the idea of preventive checks. An example of one of their ideas is the one child policy; they wanted to make the one child and international policy. Famous pessimists include P.Ehrlich. Factors that are causing the World’s Resources to Decrease There are a few main factors that are causing the world’s resources to decrease. Population Because there is such a growth of population, people are needing more and more energy in their house. This is best displayed in a case study: In the year 2000 Family A (comprising of a husband and wife) used 20,000kg of energy per year. In 2002 they had their first child. Before Family A didn’t watch that much T.V., however now because their child needs entertainment, the T.V. is turned on for the whole day even if the child is not watching. So in 2003 their yearly consumption increased to 25,000kg. Now think of this on an international scale and everyday the population is using up more and more world resources. Optimists say that creating new alternative energy sources rather than using the fossil fuels up, is the way forward. Pessimists say that the way forward is to enforce an international one child policy, to over populated areas to balance the population out to one of an optimum population. However I agree with the pessimists but I don’t think there should be an international one child policy, but as a whole unit we need to find a method to achieve optimum population and taking into consideration a specific area’s carrying capacity and therefore move into the direction of sustainable development. You read "World Resources – scarcity and conflict" in category "Papers" Economic Threats Because of the current economic downturn people are turning to cheaper ways to provide heat, water and electricity to their houses they are put off by the idea of alternative energy sources such as solar panels because they can’t afford it Case Study-Diamonds (Sierra Leone) In this day and age diamonds are such a controversial issue, as most people in the West think diamonds are nice stones that are on their rings, however twenty years ago 40% of all diamonds were somehow in the process of buying/selling at least one illegal transaction was carried out, now due to the Kimberly agreement and other factors including media this figure has decreased to 25%. Diamonds are a world resource that is limited as they will eventually run out. Sierra Leone is a country located in the north west of Africa. Sierra Leone is one of the largest diamond producer in the world this is because of it’s geographical location, it’s relief and finally because it has so many mines. This is still unfortunately has not lead to the economic development of the country, because rebel troops take over the mines and take all profits. Sometimes diamonds are fought over; these diamonds are known as conflict/blood diamonds. Sierra Leone’s Conflict Diamonds In 1991, Sierra Leone a rebel force known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) launched assaults against the government. A military government was set up, yet this did not deter the RUF attacks. From the beginning, the RUF became allies with Liberia. Their goal was officially to combat crime and corruption but it soon became clear that their main aim was to take control of the diamond mines. The RUF would take prisoners and enslave them to work in the diamond mines. The work conditions were horrible and they were punished for the slightest things. Anyone opposed to the RUF’s methods and practices would be brutally punished. All this was unknown to – or perhaps ignored by – the outside world for many years. UN studies estimate that about $125 million worth of rough diamonds were bought by the diamond industry in Europe alone! The equivalent of this money is tens of thousands of people killed and even more hurt. It was only in 1999 that the UN deployed a mission to Sierra Leone to deal with the problem of Sierra Leone Conflcit Diamonds. Since then, sanctions have been put in place so as to curb such illegal activities. The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme requires a paper trail that certifies the origin of rough diamonds. This aims to cut off the flow of diamonds from countries like Sierra Leone. The question that remains to be answered today is whether the paper trail that accompanies each diamond shipment is for real. Certificates can be forged. Rough diamonds can be smuggled into a â€Å"clean† country. After that, there would be no way of knowing where the gems came from. There is always a willing market somewhere in another country. Traders and buyers don’t always ask questions. They are just happy to buy and line their pockets. In an area inflicted with suffering and poverty, there is always an official who would be willing to accept bribes. All it takes is one person to overlook a shipment of blood diamonds. For all we know, there might still be a steady flow of rough conflict diamonds coming from the mines of Sierra Leone today. We do not know any of these facts and figures exactly as the Government is reluctant to let media or aid into the country. In 2000 the BBC published a moving article and photo about diamonds in Sierra Leone. Effects of the BBC Article and Photo The BBC article had a resounding effect on the rest f the world not only did people become more interested in where their diamonds came from, but starting to buy ethical diamonds. Also Kanye West (singer) released a controversial song about diamonds in Sierra Leone which caused more and more people to take an interest of the origins of the diamonds. Also Kanye West refused to wear any type of ‘bling’ which influenced many children. Artificial/Man made Diamonds ‘Science have finally found a way to make diamonds-Bad News for Sierra Leone’ this was a news headline a few years ago form the BBC. Everyone knew the time would come when science would be able to find a way to make diamonds. There is a plus side and down side for this, firstly the up side. If more people buy synthetic diamonds because they are cheaper, then more people would stop buying diamonds that have been sold but rebel forces. However on the down side the economy of Sierra Leone is plummeting to all time low because more and more people are buying synthetic diamonds because of the recession. The Kimberly Process The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (Kimberley Process) is an international governmental certification scheme that was set up to prevent the trade in diamonds that fund conflict. Launched in January 2003, the scheme requires governments to certify that shipments of rough diamonds are free from blood diamonds. Case Study-Water (Across the Globe) Water is a world resource as we rely on it thoroughly and if we didn’t have the sad reality is we would die. Water is not at the moment is shortage, but the way consumption is going in the West in the next one hundred years it could well become shortage. We have a good supply of water in the West, however in LEDCs, water is quite hard to lay hands on. Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know it. The plain fact is – no water, no life! This becomes all the more worrying when we realise that the worlds supply of drinkable water will soon diminish quite rapidly. In fact a recent report commissioned by the United Nations has emphasised that by the year 2025 at least 66% of the worlds population will be without an adequate water supply. Incalculable damage. As a disaster in the making water shortage ranks in the top category. Without water we are finished, and it is thus imperative that we protect the mechanism through which we derive our supply of this life giving fluid. Unfortunately the exact opposite is the case. We are doing incalculable damage to the planets capacity to generate water and this will have far ranging consequences for the not too distant future. Bleak future The United Nations has warned that burning of fossil fuels is the prime cause of water shortage. While there may be other reasons such as increased solar activity it is clear that this is a situation over which we can exert a great deal of control. If not then the future will be very bleak indeed! Already the warning signs are there. Droughts The last year has seen devastating heatwaves in many parts of the world including the USA where the state of Texas experienced its worst drought on record. Elsewhere in the United States forest fires raged out of control, while other regions of the globe experienced drought conditions that were even more severe. Parts of Iran, Afgahnistan, China and other neighbouring countries experienced their worst droughts on record. These conditions also extended throughout many parts of Africa and it is clear that if circumstances remain unchanged we are facing a disaster of epic proportions. Moreover it will be one for which there is no easy answer. Dangers. The spectre of a world water shortage evokes a truly frightening scenario. In fact the United Nations warns that disputes over water will become the prime source of conflict in the not too distant future. Where these shortages become ever more acute it could forseeably lead to the brink of nuclear conflict. On a lesser scale water, and the price of it, will acquire an importance somewhat like the current value placed on oil. The difference of course is that while oil is not vital for life, water most certainly is! Power shift. It seems clear then that in future years countries rich in water will enjoy an importance that perhaps they do not have today. In these circumstances power shifts are inevitable, and this will undoubtedly create its own strife and tension. Nightmare situation. In the long term the implications do not look encouraging. It is a two edged sword. First the shortage of water, and then the increased stresses this will impose upon an already stressed world of politics. It means that answers need to be found immediately. Answers that will both improve the damage to the environment, and also find new sources of water for future consumption. If not, and the problem is left unresolved there will eventually come the day when we shall find ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer. Conclusion Overall I feel that we should be optimistic about the resource management in the future however we should guard about being complacent and consequently wasteful. Science is developing quickly and in the future there will be a system of some sort to enable better management of the resources. However again this doesn’t mean we can be wasteful, also we have to make sure that we use certain resources more conservatively to ensure future generations live happily. On the other hand however if we implant many more alternative energy resources (i.e. wind power instead of coal) then future generations will use them as the norm, rather than the present day generation who have to deal with this cross over stage that we are undergoing now-the Government encouraging other sources of energy, however when we look at these the prices are sky high. To ensure that we manage resources so that it is more sustainable, I propose certain plans: 1) Increase price of electricity and gas, decrease price of alternative energy sources (for example solar panels). This would hopefully on the economic side of things encourage people to use alternative fuel. 2) Carry out a major distribution project of the world resources, ensuring each country has roughly the same amount. 3) Set up a kind of police to make sure diamonds are not being sold or mined illegally, through slavery or through violence. This will ensure the decrease the amount of conflict or blood diamonds. Finally, I have outlined five strategies for using more sustainability in my daily life: 1) Have a shower, rather than a bath. This will decrease the amount of water I use, reduce the water bills and make it more efficient cleaning process. 2) When shopping with my parents, I should encourage them to look at the label and check where the product comes from, and therefore try to get the product, which has the least food miles. 3) Encourage my parents to buy energy saving bulbs, which last longer, and are more sustainable. 4) When going out turn off my computer rather than leaving it on standby. 5) When making a cup of tea, don’t fill the kettle right to the top, as that wastes, water and energy. How to cite World Resources – scarcity and conflict, Papers

Quantitative Analysis Cheat Sheet free essay sample

Analytical chemistry: science of chemical measurement. Its object is the generation, treatment and evaluation of signals from which information is obtained on the composition and structure of matter Measurement: process of obtaining the magnitude of a quantity Example: The amount of saturated fat in the sample is 3 g/serving. Quantity: attribute of a phenomenon that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively Value: magnitude of a particular quantity expressed as a unit of measured * a number Unit: particular quantity defined and adopted by convention for comparison of magni ? Globalization requires comparability of measurements Metric system: Meter Convention led to the signing of the Meter (1875) establishing the Bureau International des Poids et Measures In 1960, the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name Systeme International d’Unites (ISU) for recommended practical system of units of measurement Fundamental SI units: length (m), mass (kg), time, electric current (a), temp, luminous intensity – candela (cd), amount of substance (mol), plane angle (radian), solid angle (steradian) Meter: from 1/110^7 distance from equator to north pole ? distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299, 792, 458 second Kg: only remaining unit whose definition is based on an international prototype ? Prototype 52 (Germany) 18 (UK) 20 (US) International proto (Sevres, France) 90% Pt, 10% Ir alloy SI derived: frequency(1/s), force, pressure (pascal), work, power (watt), charge (coulomb), electric potential (volt), elec resistance (ohm) 24-(-24) yotta, zetta, exa, peta, tera, giga, kilo, hector, deka, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, atto, zepto, yocto amount of substance: number of some specified elementary entity: mole (quantity: amount) unit: mole One serving of milk contains 195 mg PHOSPHORUS (matrix ? value ? unit ? specie/analyte) Matrix: where the specie is being determined Concentration: how much solute is contained in a given mass or volume Molarity: mol/L * Molality: mol/kg*weight percent: mass of substance per mass solution (g/g % or wt%) *volume percent: Vol % * mole fraction: amount of substance in the total amount of solution (unitless) Normality: number of equivalence per liter solution Parts per million (ppm) is expressed in units mg/kg or  µg/mL Parts per billion (ppb) is expressed in  µg/kg or ng/g. aqeous:  µg/L or ng/mL Volumtetric flask: used to prepare solutions of exact concentration (contains a specified volume) Chapter 2: Tools of the trade laboratory notebook (objectives: state what was done, observed, be easily understandable) analytical balance (principle of operation – sample on balance pushes pan down with a force (m x g), balance pan with equal and opposing mass(mechanical: standard mass, electronic: opposing electromagnetic force, tare – mass of empty vessel) double-pan balance: balance beam suspended on a sharp knife edge, standard weights are added, weight of sample is equal to total weight of standards electronic balance: uses electromagnetic force to return the pan to original position (electric current required to generate force is proportional to sample mass) 2. Methods of weighting: basic operational rules: don’t place chemicals directly on weighing pan, balance in an arrested position (decrease sensitivity if not followed), weight by difference (useful when hygroscopic: readily absorb water from air), taring 3. Errors in weighing: sources (any factor that could affect mass – dirty or moist sample container, not at room temp, adsorption of water, vibration of wind currents, non-level balance) buoyance errors: failure to correct for weight difference due to displacement of air by sample correction: m = (m’(1-(da/dw))/(1-(da/d) m- true mass, m’ – mass read from balance, d – density of sample, da – density of air (0. 0012 g/ml at 1 atm at 25 C), dw – density of calibration weights (8 g/ml) density of air changes with temp and pressure (da under non standard conditions: =0. 46468(B-0. 3783 V/T) B= barometer pressure (torr), V= vapour pressure of water in the air (torr), T= temperature (K) Volume measurements: 1. Burets (used to deliver multiple aliquots of a liquid in known vols – tolerance: ? the smallest graduation) Correct use of buret: read buret at bottom of concave meniscus, read at eye level (avoids parallax errors, from above: smaller), estimate buret reading nearest 0. 1 division, expel all air bubbles, rinse buret 2-3x with solution, near end of titration, volume of 1 drop or less 2. Volumetric flask:correct use: add reagent of solution to flask and dissolve in volume of solvent less than total capacity of flask, slowly add more solvent until mark, mix solution by inversion (40 or more times), glass adsorbs trace amount of chemicals ? clean using acid wash (adhere to surface) 3. Pipets and Syringes (deliver a given volume of liquid) Types of pipets: transfer pipet (transfers a single volume, fill to calibration mark, last drop does not drain out of pipet (do not blow out), more accurate than measuring pipet(similar to vol flask) measuring pipet: calibrated similar to buret, use to deliver a variable volume micropipette: deliver volumes of 1 to 1000  µL(fixed and variable), uses disposable polypropylene tip, stable in most aqueous and organic solvents (not chloroform), need periodic calibration syringes: deliver volumes of 1 to 500  µL (accuraprec: 0. 5-1%, steel needle permits piercing stopper to transfer liquid under controlled atmosphere (attacked by strong acid and contaminate solution with iron) correct use: use a bulb for drawing solutions, rinse pipets and syringes before using, remove bubbles Filtration: mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it Purpose: used in gravimetric analysis for analysis of a substance by mass of a precipitate it produced (solid collected in paper or fritted-glass filters) Drying: remove moisture from reagents, convert sample to more readily analysable form Oven drying: common for sample prep, 110 C for water removal, use loose covers to prevent contamination from dust Dessicator: cool and store reagent or sample over long periods of time (contains drying agent to absorb water from atmosphere, airtight seal) Primary standard: may be used to prepare standard solution used as reference for knowing amount of subtstance or calibrate an analytical measurement (KHP f or determining NaOH) 99. 9% pure or better, not decompose under ordinary storage, stable when dried by heat or vacuum (should not be a hydrate), of high molecular weight Chapter 3: Propagation of Error significant figures: minimum number of digits needed to write a given value (in sci not) without loss of accuracy zeros are simple place holders and are counted significant only if, in between, to the right of the decimal point the last significant figure in any number is the first digit with any uncertainty (minimum uncertainty is +/- 1 unit in the last significant figure) addition/subtraction (least amount of decimal points), multiplication/division: least sig figs logs and antilogs ? a = 10^b or log(a)=b ? log(339)=2. 530 (2, character) and (. 530, mantissa) log – resulting mantissa should be same as total number of sig figs in original number (a) antilog: number of sig figs in the result should be same as total number of sig figs in the mantissa of original logarithm â€Å"b† graph: spread coordinates over as much of the graph as possible systematic or determinate error: error caused consistently in all results due to inappropriate methods or experimental techniques, results in a definite difference from true value, can be discovered/corrected random or indeterminate error: caused by random variations, results in scatter of results centered on true value(error type A), stdev accuracy: close to true value(systematic error), precision: close to each other(precision)(error type B, bias) absolute and relative uncertainty: both measures of the precision associated with a given measurement absolute uncertainty: margin of uncertainty associated with a measurement (like from the device) relative uncertainty: compare s size of the absolute uncertainty with the size of its associated measurement (absolute uncertainty/measured value) if percentage: multiply by 100 measurement of uncertainty: parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the quantity values that are being attributed to a measurand based on the information used we need it: demonstrates metrological quality, documents in transparent way the measurement procedure, gives confidence to the results and allows comparison, demonstrates compliance with limits and establishment of acceptance criteria estimation: specify the measurand (equation, scope of measurement and bias), identify the uncertainty sources (create cause and effect diagram), quantify the uncertainty components, convert the standard uncertainties, calculate the combined standard uncertainty, multiply obtained standard uncertainty by a coverage factor 2(95% confidence level) statistical distributions: 1) normal distribution: use to estimate uncertainty due to random errors ( repeatability precision) u(x)=s 2) triangular: estimate uncertainty when maximum range (+/- a) is given u(x)=a/v6 Rectangular distribution: estimate uncertainty when specification gives limit (+/-a) without specifying the level of confidence (e. g. limits in the specifications of concentration of standards, instrument error) u(x)=a/v3 Selectivity (specificity) – being able to distinguish your analyte from other species in the matrix Sensitivyt – being able to respond reliably and measurably to changes in analyte concentration (slope of calibration curve) Standardization of NaOH solution (C of NaOH = MKHP*P KHP *1000/(M KHP * V NaOh)) propagation of uncertainty: absolute or relative uncertainty of a calculated result can be estimated usig the absolute or relative uncertainties of the values Addition or subtraction: absolute uncertainty obtained using absolute uncertainties used in the calculations (v(abs uncertainty )^2+(abs uncertainty 2)^2†¦ check formula 2. 1 relative uncertainty: still divide the absolute uncertainty by the measurement Chapter 4: Statistics all measurements contain random error (always have uncertainty), uncertainty are used to determine if two or more experimental results are equivalent or different (statistics is used to accomplish this task) Gaussian Curve – distribution of results of large number of experiments done under identical conditions (for a series of experimental results with only random error) Plotted number of occurences (y) vs value (x) and then high population about correct value at peak goes from  µ to 1sigma sa right and -1sigma sa left 2. Any set of data (and corresponding Gaussian curve) can be characterized by two parameters: mean or average value (sum of all values/total number of values taken) standard deviation (take the square root of the sum of the (value taken – mean)/(number of values taken – 1)(better when smaller) variance: related to standard deviation (how wide or precise a distribution of results is) = s^2 (s= stdev) Range: difference in highest and lowest values in a set of data (H-L) Median: value in a set of data which has an equal number of data values above and below it (get the middle, if odd siya, get the two sa middle then divide by 2) Formula for a gaussian curve: check image ( µ= mean, sigma = stdev, e =e) 1. 1 By knowing stdev and mean of a set, the probability of the next result falling in any given range can be calculated by: z = (x-mean)/s (probability of a result falling in the portion in GC is equa to the normalized area of the curve in that portion (+/1s = 86. 3%, 2 95. 5 %, 3-99. 7%, 4-99. 9%) Check formula sheet 1. 2 Get the z, check the area of it, total ? area is 0. 5, remaining area is 0. 5-area Knowing the stdev of a data set indicates the precision of a measurement, precision of many analytical measurements is expressed as: mean+/- 2s (there is only 5% chance that any given measurement on the sample will be outside this range) The precision of a mean result is expressed using a confidence interval (relationship between the true mean value ( µ) and the measured mean is ( µ=mean +/- ((ts/vn) ? confidence interval) s=stdev, n= num of measurements, t= student’s t value degrees of freedom = (n-1) (as n increases, confidence interval becomes smaller and  µ becomes more precisely known) Student’s t: statistical tool frequently used to express confidence intervals (a probability distribution that addresses the problem of estimating a mean of normally distributed population when the sample size is small) check 1. 3 – table Confidence interval: the probability that the range of numbers contains the â€Å"true† mean (50% confidence – range of numbers contains true mean 50% of the time, 90% 90% of time – mas malaki range of values ng 90%) Comparison of data against a set of values get tcalculated – (x-mean/s)(vn)* get tcritical using table (DOFreedom: n-1)95% CL If tcalculated tcritical – data is same as the set of data being compared; if not then different Comparison of Two Data Sets: determine if two results obtained by the same method are statistically the same Tcalculated: (mean result of sample 1 – mean of sample two/stdevn pooled)(v(number of measurements of 1*num of measurements of 2)/(num of measurements of 1 + num of measurements of 2)) CHECK 1. 4 FORMULA SHEET Compare calculated to to value on student’s t probability table (DOF: (n1 + n2 – 2) If calculated t is greater than, then the two are different (easier to achieve for lower % confidence level) Comparison of two methods: check 1. 5 formula sheet Bad data: Q test: used to decide whether or not to reject a â€Å"bad† data point (arrange data increasing order, get range) Q = gap/range (gap = the value minus the value nearest it) Grubbs test: accept or not an outlier = Gcalculated= lOutlier-meanl/s (less than or equal to, retain) 1. 6 Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding and Interactions It’s all about stability: noble gases are intert, it comes from their electronic structure Isolectronic: same electron configuration Ionic bonding: due to electrostatic attraction arising from an exchange of electrons Covalent bonding: chemical bond in which two or more electrons are shared by two atoms Polar covalent or polar bond: covalent bond with greater electron density around one of two atoms (electronnegativy) VSEPR: linear, bent, trigonal planar (bent if AX2E), tetrahedral(trigonal pyramidal, 1 lone; bent 2 lone), (seesaw, t-shaped, linear), octahedral (square pyramidal, square planar) Chapter 6: Intermolecular forces of attraction intermolecular forces: attractive forces between molecules; intramolecular forces: hold atoms together in a molecule (stronger) â€Å"measure of intermolecular force: boiling, melting, heat of vaporization, fusion, sublimation intra: ionic, covalent, metallic inter: ion-dipole (ion charge – dipole charge, ion-polar) ? H bonding (F,O,N-H) ? dipole-dipole (dipole charges or two polar) ? Ion-induced dipole (ion and nonpolar, ion charge-polarizable e- cloud) ? Diple-induced dipole (polar and non polar) ? Dispersion (london)(polarizable e- clouds the more polar, the stronger the interaction, higher dipole moment, higher boiling point hydrogen bonds are responsible for: ice floating, ice is ordere with an open structure to optimize H-bonding, therefore ice is less dense than water thus creates insulating layer on water hydrogen bonding responsible for protein structure: protein folding and DNA transport Polarizability: ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted (increases with greater number of electrons and more diffuse electron cloud) Instantaneous dipole: in that instant a dipole is formed, increase with molar mass, increase with length of molecule (not compact) Surface tension: amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area Strong intermolecular forces = high surface tension Cohesion: intermolecular attraction between like molecules (pataas meniscus); adhesion – attraction between unlike molecul es (concave meniscus) Viscosity: measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (strong intermolecular forces = high viscosity) Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Chapter 7: Kinetics reaction rate: changes in the concentrations of reactants or products per unit of time collision theory: atoms, ions, and molecules react to form products when they collide with one another, provided that the colliding particles have enough kinetic energy activation energy minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react requirements: must have proper orientation; must have enough kinetic energy to reach activation energy factors that influence reaction rate: concentration (molecules must collide), physical state (must mix), temperature (must collide with enough energy), catalyst reactant concentrations decrease while product concentrations increase (A ? B) rate of reaction= -(change in concentration of A/change in time)= -(conc A2-conA1)/t2-t1 aA + bB ? cC + dD Rate = -(1/a)(? [A]/? t)= -1/b([B]/? t numerical value of the rate depends upon the substance that serves as the reference. The changes in concentration of other reaction components are relative to their co efficients in the balanced chemical equation reaction orders: see formula sheet Integrated Rate Laws: rate = -? [A]/? t = k[A] First order rate equation see formula sheet K[A]^2 second-order rate equation ? [A]/? t = k[A]^0 zero order rate equation = -kt Units of the rate constant k for several reaction orders see formula sheet Arrhenius equation: effect of temperature on reaction rate see formula sheet Frequency factor: importance of molecular orientation to an effective collision Reaction mechanisms: see formula sheet table (example: elementary step A? product, molecularity: unimolecular: rate law: k[A] Rate-determining step: overall rate of a reaction is the slowest step Correlating the mechanism with the Rate law: Elementary steps must add up to the overall balanced equation Elementary steps must be physically reasonable Mechanism must correlate with the rate law Chapter 8: Acid-base titrations Bronsted-Lowry definition of Acids and bases (acids-proton donors; bases-proton acceptors) Acid-base neutralization reaction results into the formation of the conjugate acid and base of the reaction base and acid respectively (stronger acid, weaker the conjugate base) Water undergoes autoprotolysis. This is the disassociation of water into H3O+ and OH- Kw=[H3O+][OH-]ph = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-] ph+ pOH =14 pH: measure of the degree of acidity of solutions. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution battery acid (0), lemon juice(2. 2), vinegar (2. 7), apples (3), tomato juice (4. 3), rain (5. 6), milk (6. 8), human urine and blood (7. 5), seawater (8. 1), milk of magnesia (10. 5), ammonia (12), lye (13) alkaline strengths of acids and bases depend on the extent of reaction/dissociation to produce H+ and OH- respectively strong: complete dissociation, forward reaction *weak: incomplete, equilibrium strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4 bases: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, R4 + OH weak acid and bases do not completely dissociate in water. The degree of dissociation is described by the acid or base dissociation constants Acid dissociation constant (Ka) ? HA + H2O H3O+ + A-Ka = [H3O+][A-]/[HA] Base dissociation constant (Kb) A- + H2OOH- + HAKb = [OH]][HA]/[A-] Conjugate pairs Kw = KaKb A buffer is a solution that can resist the change in pH when small amounts of acids and bases are added when diluted (a lot of reactions are dependent on pH, buffers are important in the control of ph) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA] Stong base vs strong acid ? equivalence point: steepest point Acid-base indicator changes color as it is protonated or deprotonated, different indicators change color at different pH because they have different dissociation constants Weak acid Vs Strong base: graph has two pa-curve, one for when pH = pKa then one for equivalence Kjeldahl titration: total nitrogen and total protein Microtitration Chapter 9: Gravimetric and Combustion Analysis in gravimetric analysis, the mass of the product is used to estimate the amount of the original analyte, one of the earlierst analytical chemistry techniques analytical balance and desiccator are two most important equipment in gravimetry constant weighing: series of drying, cooling, and weighing until constant weight is reached commonly used desiccants in order of decreasing efficiency: magnesium perchlorate, barium oxide, alumina, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium chloride, drierite (calcium sulfate), silica gel indicator: copper sulfate (blue ? pink) Representative gravimetric techniques: % Moisture, Total Fat, Homogenous precipitation, Ignition, Combustion analysis see formula sheet Precipitation gravimetry: properties of precipitates: Readily filtered and washed free of contamints, sufficiently low solubility so that no significant loss of the analyte occurs during filtration and washing, unreactive with constituents of the atmosphere, not hygroscopic, of known composition after drying or ignition Techniques that promote particle growth: raising temperature to increase solubility and decrease supersaturation, adding precipitant slowly with vigorous mixing to avoid local supersaturation, keep volume of solution large and concentrations of analyte low Formation of crystals occur in two phases: nucleation, particle growth (bigger crystals: particle growth) Types of precipitates: colloidal (NiS), curdy (AgCl), fine crystalline (BaSO4), coarse crystalline (PbCl2), gelatinous (Fe(OH)3). Coprecipitations and other challenges of gravimetry Adsorption vs absorption and inclusion (ordered inside molecule) vs occlusion (kalat sa molecule, possibly containing solvent) Digestion, reprecipitation Aging (Ostwald ripening) and pe ptization Ignition and Thermogravimetric analysis Combustion and elemental analyses Chapter 9: Properties of Solutions â€Å"like dissolves like† two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents remember: physical state of solvent determines the physical state of the solution solubility increases as the shape/length of molecule increases Gas solutions: all gases are infinitely soluble in one another Gas-solid solutions: when gas dissolves in a solid, it occupies the spaces between closely packed particles Solid-solid solutions: example, brass Why substances dissolve? ? three types of interactions in the solution process: solvent-solvent interaction, solute-solute interaction, solvent-solute interaction (? Hsoln = ? Hsolvent + ? Hsolute + ? Hmix) Solution process: exothermic vs endothermic (exothermic, final amount of energy is less than initial) Heats of hydration: ? Hsoln = ? lattice + ? hydr (? hydr is the combination of enthalphy changes for separating solvent and mixing the solute) Change in entropy: solution usually has higher entropy than the pure solute and pure solvent Systems tend toward a state of lower enthalpy and higher entropy Solubility as an equilibrium proce ss A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature Effect of temperature on solubility: most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures; gas solubility in water decreases with rising temperature Effect of pressure on solubility: Sgas = Kh x Pgas (Kh is Henry’s law constant; specific for given gas-solvent at a given temperature) ? inversely proportional formula sheet Colligative properties – properties that depend only on the number of solute particles and not on the nature of the solute particles Electrolyte: dissociates into ions in aqeous solutions and nonelectrolyte: does not Vapour-pressure lowering – vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the vapor pre ssure of the pure solvent see formula sheet (called Raoult’s law) Boiling-Point elevation: solution boils at higher temperature than the pure solvent (formula) Freezing-point depression: solutions freeze at lower temperature than pure solvent? Osmotic Pressure (? ) – pressure required to stop osmosis Osmosis – selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one Semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules Proportional to (n solute/Vsolution ) or to Molarity May be computed through ? = MRT (molarity)(gas constant)(temperature) Colligative properties of strong electrolyte solutiosn Van’t hoff factor, i, tells us what the effect number of ions are in the solution Measured value for electrolyte solution/(expected value for nonelectrolyte solution) Actual number of particles in solution after dissociation/(number of formula units initially dissolved in solution) Chapter 10: analytical Separations sample purity: many chemical analysis are not specific for a compound, often necessary to purify compound of interest techniques: extraction, distillation, precipitation, chromatography, centrifugation, filtration Extractions: transfer a compound from one chemical phase to another (two phases used can be liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, etc)Sphase ? k? Sphase 2 k= partition coefficient Extraction efficiency – fraction of moles of S remaining in phase 1 after one extraction can be determined if the value of k and the voumes of phases 1 and 2 are known When n approaches infinity, eventually the amount of S remaining in phase 1 becomes 0 (responsible for water memory, (homoepathic med water memory activity of drug even; detects antibody after 110^120 dilution, placebo effect) pH affects extractions ? for weaks acid and bases, protonated and non-protonated forms usually have different partition coefficients (k) charged form (A- or BH+) will not be extracted, neutral form (HA or B) will be extracted Partitioning is described in terms of the total amount of a substance Individual concentrations of both B and BH+ or HA and A- are more difficult to determine Partitioning is regardless of form in both phases (described by the distribution coefficient (D) Distribution of a weak base or weak acid is pH dependent Ability to change distribution ratio of weak acid/base useful in selecting conditions for extraction some but not all Use low ph to extract HA but not BH+ and high pH to extract B but not A- Extraction with a metal chelator Metal ions may be separated from one another by using various organic complexing agents (soluble in organic solvent) Common complexing agents: cupferron, 8-hyroxyquionaline, dithizone, crown ethers Many of the complexing agents bind to a varity of metals (diff erent strengths and equilibrium constants) A metal ion extraction may be mode selective for a particular metal by choosing a complexing agent at high affinity to the metal and by adjusting the pH of extraction Chromatography: separation technique based on the different rates of travel of solutes through a system composed of two phases Stationary phase: chemical phase which remains in the column (chromatographic system) and mobile phase: chemical phase which travels through column (eluent in ? column ? eluate out) Support: solid onto which the stationary phase is chemically attached or coated Chromatography detects compounds emerging in column by changes in absorbance, voltage, current, etc Solutes are separated in chromatography by the different interactions with the stationary phase and mobile phase (solutes that interact more with the stationary phase take longer to pass) Retention time: time it takes a compound to pass through a column Retention volume: volume of mobile phase needed to push a solute through the column Fundamental measures of solute retention: Adjusted retention time: (tr’) additional time required for a solute to travel through a vacuum beyond the time required for non-retained solute (tr’ = tr-tm) Relative retention: ratio of adjusted retention between two solutes (higher relative ret, higher separation, higher capacity factor) Capacity factor (k’): longer the component is retained by the column, greater this is (may be used to monitor performance of a column if you will use a standard)(directly proportional to partition coefficient, k) Efficiency of separation: the width of a solute peak is important in determining how well one solute is separated from another (one measure of this is the width of the peak at half-height (w1/2) The separation of two solutes in chromatography depends both on the width of the peaks and their degrees of retention Resolution, you want this /=1. 5 (tr2-tr1/((wb2+wb1)/2) Measure of column efficiency: number of theoretical plates (N), similar to number of extractions, as N increases, greater the separation between the two compounds Height equivalents of a theoretical plate (H or HETP): distance along the column that corresponds to â€Å"one† theoretical separation plate As H decreases, more steps per column are possible (results in narrower peaks and better separation between two neighboring solutes) H is affected by flow of rate of mobile phase, size of support (directly proportional), diffusion of solute (inversely prop), strength of retention Improve resolution by increasing column length Why bands spread? Efficiency is dependent on peak width through the column C (described as standard dev) Factors: sample injection, longitudal diffusion, finite equilibriation between phases, multiple flow paths Sample injection: sample is injected on the column with a finite width which contributes to the overall broadening (similar broadening may occur in detector) Longitudinal diffusion: bands slowly broaden as molecules difuse more from high contentration in band to regions of lower concentrations Finite equilibriation time between phases: finite time is required to equilibriate between stationary and mobile phase at each plate (same solute is stuck in stationary phase as remainder moves forward in mobile phase) Multiple flow paths – some arrive sooner than others because of different paths travelled and distances description of band spread: plate height is proportional to band width (smaller plate height, narrow the band) ? Von Deemter equation Types of Liquid Chromatography Adsorption chromatography: solutes are separated based on their abilities to adsorb the support’s surfaces (uses an underivatized solid support, stationary phase = solid support)(oldest) Partition chrom – solutes are separated based on their ability to partition between stationary and mobile phase (uses solid support coated or chemically derivatized w/a a polar or nonpolar layer)(most common)(good for organic compounds) reversed phase: stationary is nonpolar Ion-exchange chromatography: separate ions based on their abilities to interact with fixed exchange sites (uses solid support containing fixed charges (exchange sites) on surface (cation exchange: support neg groups; anion-exchange: supports positive groups) Size exclusion chrom: separates large and small solutes based on their different abilities to enter the pores (uses porous support that does not absorb solutes)(used to separate biological molecules/polymers which differ in size/MW) Affinity chromatography: base d on ability to bind to the affinity liquid (support that contains an immobilized biological molecule (affinity ligand)(purify bio molecules) and most selective) Packed and open-tubular columns (higher resolution, increased sensitivity but small capacity - no bond spreading from multiple paths; higher flow rates, longer columns – more theoretical plates and resolution) Chapter 11: Spectrophotometry colorimetry: analytical technique in which the concentration of an analyte is measured by its ability to produce or change the color of a solution changes the solution’s ability to absorb light; comes in two kinds: instrumental, non-instrumental spectrophotometry: any technique that uses light to measure chemical concentrations a colorimetric method where an instrument is used to determine the amount of an analyte in a sample by the sample’s ability or inability to absorb light at a certain wavelength example: measurement of ozone above south pole Properties of Light Particles

Analyze Macro Environment of Australian

Question: Discuss about the Analyze Macro Environment of Australian. Answer: Introduction Marketing environment refers to the forces, which impact the ability of an industry towards building and maintaining its success (Broberg, Umans and Gerlofstig 2013). This study will be based on the scenario, where a large company wishes to invest in the retail book industry of Australia. In this context, the study will analyze the macro environment of the industry through PESTLE and Porters Five Force Analysis. Apart from that, the study will also analyze the segmenting variables of the industry. The purpose of the study is to explore the opportunity and threats of the industry, which will ultimately impact the new company. The study will also suggest some segmenting variables for the new company. Macro Environment PESTLE Analysis PESTLE Analysis of Australian Retail Book Industry Political Free trade agreement imposed by Australian Government assists smooth business operation of Australian retail book industry As per Australian copyright act, Australian booksellers are obligated to purchase bulk orders from Australian rights holder. They are restricted to purchase orders from overseas suppliers (Booksandpublishing.com.au 2017). It is ultimately pushing up the price of local book sold in retail shops and increasing the overall revenues of the industry. Reduced tax rate on retail book industry has ultimately increased its profit potential. Economic Strong economic condition of Australia has enhanced the business potential of book retailers Fluctuation in inflation rate sometimes hamper book retailing industry. Currency fluctuation rate also impact on the profit level of the industry Social Increasing social activity among the people towards sharing interest through book reading has increases the sales potential in the industry Increasing purchasing power of the consumer has enhanced the sales potential of this industry (Parsons and Descatoires 2016) Increasing numbers of retirees in this country has increased the demand for books Technological Advanced technology helps the industry to keep constant relation with the customers Technological advancement can help in building strong relationship with the book suppliers (Efendioglu 2015) Legal The industry comply with all the legal standards of consumer law The industry also comply with all the Australian labor law Environmental Book retail industry of Australia is highly concerned about protecting the environment It uses environment friendly packaging technique for all its products Table 1: PESTLE Analysis of Retail Book Industry in Australia (Source: Gump 2014) Porters Five Force Analysis: Threats of New Entrants The retail book industry of Australia faces low barriers from the localized small entrants. However, it faces significant barriers from the international entrants. Their established competition has created negative growth of the industry (Wehner et al. 2017). Moreover, the percentage of trade book sales was quite low in Australian till 2015 (Referred to Appendix 1). However, the industry has used price cutting strategy for beating the treats of new entrants and started to regain the sales volume. Threats of Substitutes Retail book industry of Australia faces high level of threats from the media and entertainment industry. Recently, consumers spend more time on watching TV and chatting in social media. It has reduced the demand of books, which is ultimately impacting the retail book industry (Pons et al. 2016). The total value of boo sales has been demonstrated in Appendix 2. Competitive Rivalry The retail book industry of Australian faces tough competition from the online retailers like Amazon and The Book Depository. It forced the industry to set cheaper prices for all of their books, which has increased its market share. However, the sales of the industry have been declined by 2.2% by the year 2016 (Ibisworld.com.au 2017). On the other hand, the recent revenue of the industry demonstrated an amount of 4 billion, which is a moderate amount (Ibisworld.com.au 2017). The sales channels of the Australian book have been demonstrated in Appendix 3. In the local market, the industry faces tough competition from Booktopia and Dymocks. Bargaining Power of Buyers Retail book industry faces high bargaining power of buyers. Moreover, the online bookselling companies are more likely to offer discounts on the books, which they sell to the customers through online channels (Barnard 2016). Hence, customers have more power to switch in those online booksellers. It can ultimately reduce the sales potential of the industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The copyright act of Australian Government has restricted the bookselling companies to buy bulk amount of book only from local book publishers. They are not allowed to get supply of the book from any foreign suppliers. It has ultimately increased the bargaining power of suppliers over the retail bookselling industry (Gray 2013). However, share of trade and educational books have increased the overall market share of the industry (Referred to Appendix 4). Figure 1: Porters Five Force Analysis of Australian Retail Book Industry (Source: Stephens and McGowan 2015) Segmenting Variables in Industry Segmenting Variables in Australian Retail Book Industry Segmentation Demographic Age: 6 year to Above: Almost all age groups having reading habits are targeted by this industry. Gender: Both Male and Female: Readings are not restricted to any gender in todays market. Hence, both male and female customers are selected. Marital Status: Both Single and Married: Single customers will be segmented to offer action and adventure books, science fiction, horror and mystery books. On the other hand, married customers are segmented to offer romance, diaries, religious and history books. Education: Mostly educated person: Books are valued to only educated customers. Students are offered by the book within their syllabus and others by different types of books. Occupation: Can be any type and even the retired persons: All types of professional are segmented by the industry. Income: Moderate income level: Books are kind of luxury goods. Hence, the customers having moderate income are selected. Attitude: Positive attitude towards life: Customers having fantasy and positive attitude towards life are selected by the industry. Psychographic Customers having strong personality Customers having hobbies of book reading Demographic Customers seeking high level of benefits are segmented by the industry Target All age group Educated Persons Occupation: Business persons, school students, college students, job holders and even unemployed Customers having moderate income Customers having positive attitude over life Positioning Wide collection of books in the bookstores Various types of books including education, trade, entertainment and others Moderate price range attracts the readers Convenient stores of the book stores Table 2: Segmenting Variables of Australian Book Retail (Source:) Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Australian book retail industry gets huge support from the government. On the other hand, the increasing reading habits of the customers have also enhanced the sales potential of the industry. The recent revenue of the industry is 1 billion, which is quite moderate. However, the industry is facing tough completion from the online book selling companies both from domestic market as well as international market. Hence, the industry has become forced to cut the price range of the books. It has ultimately declined the profit level of the industry. However, with the increasing popularity of trade and educational books, there is still hope in this industry. The new retail book company should target adult groups for selling their books. Recommendation to Segment for New Company Recommendation on Segmentation and Target of Book Retail Company Segmentation Demographic Age: 18-Above: All the adults customers will be segmented by this company, as they are mostly associated with the hobbies of reading Income: Moderate Income Group: The company will sell books having high prices like popular novels, Fictions, Non-fictions and many more. Hence, it will segment customers having stable income Occupation: College Students will be segmented, as they needs various types of books included in their syllabus. Business persons will be selected for selling trade books. On the other hand, retired persons will also be a significant segment of this company, as they mostly need book readings for spending their time. Marital Status: Both single and married customers will be segmented for their differing needs of books Education: All educated persons will be selected by the company. Even the educated household will be the customers of the company, as they may need books on getting ideas of cooking and foods. Attitude: Both having positive and negative attitude towards life. People having negative attitude can also buy books for overcoming their pain in life. Psychographic Customers having both positive personality in life will be selected Customers having hobbies of reading and entertainment will be selected Behavioral Customers seeking extra benefits over their purchase will be selected Target Customers between the age of 18-above will be selected Education: All types of educated Customers Occupation: Businesspersons, college students, media professionals and others Customers having moderate income Customers having both positive and negative attitude towards life Positioning Wide variety of books will attract different types of customers Affordable prices of the books will attract huge range of customers Discounts offered to the customers will attract them a lot Convenient store location will enhance numbers of customers Table 3: Recommendation on Segmentation of New Book Retail Company (Source: Created by Author) References Barnard, S., 2016. Retail or e-tail? Brick or click? Is e-tailing the ideal solution for all industries?: opinion.The Retail and Marketing Review,12(1), pp.89-91. Booksandpublishing.com.au. 2017.The market down under | Books+Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2016/09/30/74713/the-market-down-under/ [Accessed 7 Apr. 2017]. Broberg, P., Umans, T. and Gerlofstig, C., 2013. Balance between auditing and marketing: An explorative study.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), pp.57-70. Efendioglu, A.M., 2015. State of information technology in small retail and service businesses: an exploratory study.Journal of Small Business Strategy,8(2), pp.13-24. Gray, D., 2013. Out of the Box and into the Bookstore: Non-Traditional Use of the Bookstore.Against the Grain,15(3), p.10. Gump, S.E., 2014. Everyday Book Marketing: Promotion Ideas to Fit Your Regularly Scheduled Life by Midge Raymond (review).Journal of Scholarly Publishing,45(4), pp.409-413. Ibisworld.com.au. 2017.Book Stores in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/specialised-market-research-reports/consumer-goods-services/book-stores.html [Accessed 7 Apr. 2017]. Ibisworld.com.au. 2017.Newspaper and Book Retailing in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/retail-trade/other-store-based-retailing/newspaper-book-retailing.html [Accessed 7 Apr. 2017]. Parsons, A.G. and Descatoires, E., 2016. Retail marketing: A novel research agenda.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),24(2), pp.102-107. Pons, F., Giroux, M., Mourali, M. and Zins, M., 2016. The relationship between density perceptions and satisfaction in the retail setting: Mediation and moderation effects.Journal of Business Research,69(2), pp.1000-1007. Stephens, P. and McGowan, M., 2015. Service Convenience: On-Line versus Brick and Mortar Bookstores.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS),7(3), pp.1-14. Wehner, C., Wehner, C., Wehner, C., Wehner, C. and Wehner, C. 2017.Bookselling Industry Analysis for Australia - Porter's Five Forces PEST. [online] bluetrain. Available at: https://bluetrainenterprises.com.au/blog/2016/11/18/industry-analysis-australian-print-bookselling/ [Accessed 7 Apr. 2017].