Akenaten Essay Example For Students

Akenaten Essay The impact Amenhotep IV had on craftsmanship and religion of his time made him be one of the most questionable Egyptian pharaohs ever. The tenth lord of the eighteenth line, he has been known as the most wonderful ruler to sit on Egypts seat. He has additionally earned the respect of being known as the main individual in mankind's history. 1The religion of Aten developed before his standard, maybe as ahead of schedule as 1411 B.C. It gave recognition to the sun, its focal thought was living on maat, that is, differently deciphered as uprightness, equity, and truth. The principle of this religion neglected to win the endorsement or backing of any however Akhenatens devotees. It is said that clique of Aten didn't have a moral code. It revolved around appreciation towards life the sun forever and warmth. Ankh was life the power that the sun-plate (Atens ) beams offered on man in the vast majority of the art.The individuals couldn't implore straightforwardly to Aten. They coordinated their petitions rather to the lord, who was the main individual who could legitimately appeal to Aten. The religion was such a scholarly and contemplative nature that the individuals couldnt get it. Along these lines, it was inescapable that it would not pick up popularity.2Akhenatens father was Amenhotep III, who ruled from 1358-1340. He made a break from convention when he wedded an average citizen, Tiy, who became Akhenatens mother.3 He was brought up in a customary way, however he in the end demonstrated an inclination to venerate the god Aten, as opposed to the conventional Amun. For quite a while he managed as co-official with his dad. He changed his name right off the bat in his rule from Amenhotep IV to Akhenaten, which means One who satisfies Aten. His better half, generally known as Nefertiti, became Neter-Nefru-Aten, which means, Beautiful is the magnificence of Aten.4When he changed his name, it resembled a proper assertion of his new religion. He moved the capital of Egypt to a spot currently called Tell el Amarna Akhenaton and in year 6 of his rule started to assemble another city which he called Akhenetaton The Place of Atens Effective Power. He made a solemn vow never to go past the limits of the city. This is today interpreted not as meaning that he could never leave it, yet that he wouldnt push the limits of the city past assigned limit stones.5In the initial barely any years Akhenaten founded a few changes. He started to manufacture a spot to venerate another type of the sun-god, Aten, the plate of the sun. The god had been mostly secret for two ages before him. Aten was demonstrated consistently as the sun circle, never in creature or human structure, with the beams reaching out towards man with the gift of life. He was venerated in new open sanctuaries rather than in dim sanctuaries. 6Akhenaten was an unusual figure, profoundly and genuinely. A few researchers have scrutinized his capacity to father youngsters, yet he had six little girls. Some accept they were fathered by Akhenatens father, Amenhotep III. It was even suggested that Akhenaten was a lady taking on the appearance of a man with a spouse and youngsters. The thought was shaped in light of the fact that Akhenaten truly had a ladylike like, full figure. Conceivably an eunuch. Despite the fact that the numerous portrayals of Akhenaten give him a full appearance, his life structures in them despite everything presents an away from to that of his significant other. However, a great many people answer with a similar shared conviction as Flinders Petrie, Is it dependable that the most uxorious ruler of Egypt, who shows up with his significant other on each landmark, who rides next to each other with her in a chariot, and kisses her in broad daylight, who moves her on his knee, who has a consistently expanding family, that this lord either a ladies in disguise or an eunuch? Also, in the alleged demise cover that was found at Anarna, this conflict is upheld. It doesn't show the essence of a lady. It show the substance of a man. .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 , .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .postImageUrl , .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 , .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:hover , .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:visited , .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:active { border:0!important; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:active , .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd 651289053d44de5998 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2ffe4bddc09ecd651289053d44de5998:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Revolutionary War Essay A weird man, however yet, a man.7Akhenaten genuinely was feeble. He may have been a survivor of the illness called Frolichs condition, which may have made him genuinely twisted. Accordingly, his exercises were scholarly. Maybe this is

Brave Enemies essays

Fearless Enemies articles In the novel, Brave Enemies, the setting is during the Revolutionary war, explicitly the War in the South. This specific books primary character was a minister who accepted war wasn't right in each viewpoint. Towards the center of the book, the minister and his significant other (Josie, who takes on the appearance of a man and joins the American military after she her home is singed by Tories and she fears she will never observe her better half again) get isolated and end up of inverse sides of the war. Since the cleric is contradicted of war the General for the British permits him to give legitimate memorial services and different strict requirements for the British Army. Josie then again is prepared to battle for the American Army as well as can be expected while staying quiet about it that she is a young lady. Josies see on this piece of the war is that the Americans should win and slaughter whatever number British as could be expected under the circumstances on the grounds that t he British annihilated her life. The thing she didnt know was that her cherished spouse was being compelled to lecture for the British and was becoming acquainted with the British fighters. She trusted her better half to be slaughtered by the Tories after they caught him. During one of the last fights during the war in the south, Josie lay in the mud of the finish of a furious fight in which the Americans were triumphant and a considerable lot of the British lay dead around her. Josie was likewise during one of her first periods of work. As she lay in torment on the ground, she started to hear the voice of a man who sounded precisely like her dead spouse. For reasons unknown, it was her better half. He was lecturing for the dead British warriors. As he came nearer to her he understood it was her better half who lay on the ground. Since Josie was presently rejoined with her better half all the things she was battling for on the American side were currently for reasons unknown by any means. This changed her view on the war totally. She understood that her significant other was directly about war in that everything it does is dismantle lives and tear individuals. ... <!

Mitochondria :: essays research papers

Mitochondria Mitochondria are liable for vitality creation. They are additionally the dependable area for which breath happens. Mitochondria contain catalysts that help convert food material into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can be utilized straightforwardly by the cell as a vitality source. Mitochondria will in general be focused close to cell structures that require enormous contributions of vitality, such as the flagellum. The job of the mitochondria is significant in breath. Â Â Â Â Â In the nearness of oxygen, pyruvate or unsaturated fats, can be further oxidized in the mitochondria. Every mitochondrion is encased by two films isolated by an intermembrane space. The intermembrane space reaches out into the folds of the inward layer called cristae which significantly increment the surface region of the internal layer. Cristae stretch out into a thick material called the grid, a region which contains RNA, DNA, proteins, ribosomes and scope of solutes. This is like the substance of the chloroplast stroma and like the chloroplast, the mitochondrion is a semi-self-governing organelles containing the apparatus for the creation of its very own portion proteins. The primary capacity of the mitochondrion is the oxidation of the pyruvate got from glycolysis and related procedures to create the ATP required to perform cell work.(Campbell 182-9) Â Â Â Â Â Pyruvate, or unsaturated fats from the breakdown of triglycerides or phospholipids, go effectively through pores in the external mitochondrial layer comprised of a channel protein called porin. The internal layer is a more critical hindrance and explicit vehicle proteins exist to convey pyruvate and unsaturated fats into the network. Once inside the framework, pyruvate and unsaturated fats are changed over to the two carbon compound acetyl coenzyme An (acetyl CoA). For pyruvate this includes a decarboxylation step which expels one of the three carbons of pyruvate as carbon dioxide. The vitality discharged by the oxidation of pyruvate at this stage is utilized to diminish NAD to NADH. (185) Â Â Â Â Â The C2 acetyl CoA is then taken into an arrangement of responses known as Krebs cycle which finishes the oxidation of carbon and recovers an acceptor to prop the cycle up. The oxidation of the carbon is joined by the decrease of electron acceptors and the creation of some ATP by substrate phosphorylation. The C2 acetyl CoA is coupled to oxaloacetate, a C4 acceptor in the cycle. The item is citrate a C6 compound. This first item, citrate, is the explanation the cycle is some of the time called the citrus extract or ticarboxylic corrosive cycle, alluding it after the researcher whose lab most exceptional our comprehension of it, Sir Hans Krebs. (Comptons 160) Â Â Â Â Â Two of the early responses of the cycle are decarboxylations which abbreviate citrate to succinate a C4 compound.

The Anselm Ontological Argument Philosophy Essay

The Anselm Ontological Argument Philosophy Essay In this paper I will contend that Anselms ontological contention for the presence of God is for sure satisfactory for setting up the essential presence of the Greatest Conceivable Being. So as to achieve this, I will contend that Anselms premises are sound, and that his decision legitimately follows his premises. I will likewise protect Anselms contention by showing that issues with Anselms contention are unconvincing. My emphasis will be on Gaunilos issue with Anselms contention. Basically, Gauinilos complaint is that Anselms contention can be changed to demonstrate the presence of any idea just by utilizing the definition that the idea is more noteworthy than every other idea which can be imagined this will be discredited. Before I start my contention I will recreate the from the earlier ontological contention set forward by Anselm to demonstrate the presence of the Greatest Conceivable Anselm starts his contention by presenting â€Å"the fool†, a reference to Psalms 53:1. This numb-skull â€Å"has said that in his heart, [that] there is no God†, or preventing the presence from claiming God. Anselm expresses that even this idiot, â€Å"when he knows about this being of which I talk a being-than-which-nothing-more noteworthy can-be-thought comprehends what he hears, and what he comprehends is in his comprehension; despite the fact that he doesn't comprehend it to really exist† (Anselm 15). Basically, Anselm makes the case that even â€Å"the fool† is compelled to surrender that the idea of the Greatest Conceivable Being exists in the psyche, since he has been recounted it. So as to demonstrate the presence of God, Anselm embraces the dolts position for his A priori contention. Anselm doesn't accept the nitwits position to be right, yet utilizes it to show that in the event that God exists in comprehension, or the psyche, at that point He s hould exist as a general rule. Anselm announces that it is one thing for an item to exist in the brain, one more to comprehend that it really exists. To this end, Anselm proceeds onward to give a case of how something can exist in the psyche and in actuality. The case of a painter is presented by Anselm. Before a painter makes an image, claims Anselm, he has a comprehension of what the work of art will resemble in his psyche. Endless supply of the artwork, the painter will comprehend that it exists in his brain, for they had the picture of the artistic creation before he made it, and as a general rule, since now they can see the work of art before themselves with their own eyes (Anselm 15). Anselm next characterizes God as a being-than-which-nothing-more prominent can-be-imagined. Anselm follows this definition with the reason that in the event that a being exists in the seeing, yet not as a general rule, at that point a more noteworthy being can be imagined (Anselm 15). To state this point Anselm contends, â€Å"For if [The Greatest Conceivable Being] exists exclusively in the brain alone, it tends to be thought of to exist as a general rule too, which is greater† (Anselm 15). Using that on the off chance that a being exists just in seeing, at that point a more noteworthy being exists, Anselm arrives at the determination that a more noteworthy being than God can be considered. Anselm doesn't accept that this end is precise, in any case, expressing that it is â€Å"obviously impossible†. By arriving at this resolution, Anslem is attempting to demonstrate that on the off chance that one comprehends God to be the Greatest Conceivable Being and just exist in understanding as an idea, yet not reality, at that point the end contradicts the premises. Anselms case is basically that in light of the fact that the meaning of God isn't being referred to, â€Å"the fool† must be mixed up in accepting that God just exists as an idea. In this way, Anselm arrives at the resolution that God must exist in both idea and in all actuality. I will currently proceed onward to offering a basic appraisal of Anselms ontological contention. To achieve this undertaking, I will analyze both the legitimacy, and the sufficiency, of Anselms premises. So as to do as such, a dense type of Anselms contention is required. Basically, Anselms premises can be translated thusly: God is that than which nothing more prominent can be imagined We can imagine a being than which none more prominent can be considered God exists in the comprehension, To exist in actuality and in the comprehension is more noteworthy than to exist in the seeing alone. In this manner, God fundamentally exists as a general rule. As indicated by part two of Writing Philosophy, a legitimate contention is â€Å"an contention that has a structure with the end goal that if its premises were valid, its decision would be too.† There is nothing to recommend that Anselms contention is invalid. Given that the premises are sound, the end does in reality follow. Notwithstanding, while the ontological contention might be legitimate, it stays to be indicated that it is sound. A sound contention is one which is both legitimate and contains genuine premises (Chapter 2, Writing Philosophy). So as to show this, the individual premises of the ontological contention must be assessed. Initially, reality of reason B] relies upon the acknowledgment of Anselms meaning of God (premise A] ) as that than which none more prominent can be imagined. On the off chance that we are to acknowledge Anselms meaning of God to be conceivable, at that point premise B] is sound since we have acknowledged the idea and have the thought in our comprehension. On the off chance that we don't acknowledge the definition, at that point we can't continue to assess the remainder of the contention. It is not necessarily the case that Anselms meaning of God is a dubious one, in reality it is a usually acknowledged monotheistic understanding of the idea of God (Mark C. Smith, January eighteenth Lecture). Furthermore, premise B] is sound since presence of such a being is consistently conceivable. No flaw can be found with hypothesizing the presence of such a being as characterized by premise A]. At last, Anselms declaration that â€Å"to exist actually and in the comprehension is more prominent than to exist in the comprehension alone† is fundamentally solid by our acknowledgment of his meaning of God. By tolerating premise A], as we should so as to assess the contention, we should surrender this it is fundamentally more noteworthy for God to exist in actuality. Therefore, we can see that Anselms ontological contention is both substantial, and sound, from an assessment of its premises. Anselms end that God exists actually consistently follows the premises, given their sufficiency and legitimacy. So as to exhibit that Anselms contention is to be sure sufficient for setting up the vital presence of the Greatest Conceivable Being, issues with the contention should initially be analyzed and afterward invalidated. One of the more strong issues with Anselms ontological contention is that of the priest Gaunilo. The complaint raised by Gaunilo is that the equivalent intelligent thinking utilized by Anselm to demonstrate Gods presence can be utilized to demonstrate things certain don't exist. Gaunilo advances this complaint when he contends about the presence of the â€Å"Lost Island†, a possible impeccable island. Gaunilos evidence of the ideal island follows a similar legitimate thinking as Anselms. He begins with the reason that the possibility of an ideal island can be imagined by the brain. The ideal island is by definition an island than which no more prominent island can be imagined, and that if an ideal island exists in as a thought in the brain yet not as a general rule, a more noteworthy island than the ideal island can be considered (Gaunilo 17). Utilizing a comparative contention as Anselm, Gaunilo has indicated that the ideal island must exist in both the psyche and in actuality for similar reasons that God must exist in the brain and reality. As per Gaunilo, in the event that one acknowledges Anselms contention as being substantial, one must acknowledge the comparative impeccable island contention as being legitimate also. The two contentions would appear to legitimate since in the event that the premises are valid, at that point the two ends must be valid. The main basic distinct ion between Anselms contention and Gaunilos contention is the utilization of the ideal island instead of God. Therefore, in the event that Anselms technique for thinking is esteemed proper, at that point Gaunilos must be fitting too. Gaunilo anyway expresses that this â€Å"proof of the presence of an ideal island is unrealistic, or â€Å"doubtfully real† (Guanilo 17). Gaunilo fights that it is just the meaning of â€Å"a-idea than-which-nothing-more prominent can-be-conceived† that permits Anselm and himself to demonstrate the presence of God and the ideal island separately. By demonstrating one of the ideas, the ideal island, to be unlikely, Gaunilo feels that the other idea must go with the same pattern (Gaunilo 17). I will currently move onto a nullification of Gaunilos issue with Anselms ontological contention. The significant deficiency with Gaunilos protest is that that by demonstrating the presence of an ideal island, utilizing a contention of a similar structure as Anselms, he has altered the meaning of an island. This mistake becomes obvious while thinking about what the idea of an ideal island would be. All together for the island to be immaculate its attributes must be flawless also. Any variety from this â€Å"conceivable† flawlessness would make the presence of a more prominent possible island conceivable. Moreover, the ideal island could be made more prominent in a quantifiable design if it somehow happened to have a somewhat expanded landmass this thinking would endure until the ideal island turns out to be endlessly huge. An unendingly enormous island, be that as it may, is outlandish. An island, by its very definition, must be encircled by water, and something that is interminable in size can't be encircled. Additionally, an ideal island apparently has a wealth of rich t rees and flawless sea shores. The a greater amount of these that an island has, the better the island would possibly be. In any case, there is no characterized greatest number of trees or sea shores that an island might have; for any one possible island, there is another, much more - impeccable island with one progressively intriguing organic product tree and one more

Music and Magic in the World of Arda Free Essays

string(41) as the case of Felagund illustrates. MUSIC AND MAGIC IN THE WORLD OF ARDA In Tolkien’s legendarium, enchantment as it shows up in contemporary blade and-divination stories doesn't exist. Tolkien makes it understood in articles and discussions that his enchantment is undeniably more mind boggling than the waving of a wand, and doesn't follow severe, obvious standards. Rather, control over the laws of nature and reality deceives an incredible degree in melody and music. We will compose a custom paper test on Music and Magic in the World of Arda or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The primary demonstration of creation in the â€Å"Ainulindale†, by which the establishments for Arda’s creation were laid, was the singing of the Music of the Ainur by Iluvatar and the celestial creatures underneath him. At the point when the creatures of Arda make melody, the outcome is frequently ‘magical’, regardless of whether in a passionate sense or on the off chance that it has a substantial impact upon it's general surroundings. In both the â€Å"Ainulindale† and â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† this is very clear. Singing in Tolkien’s legendarium is here and there a supernatural demonstration, in that any of the Children of Iluvatar occupied with it are mirroring the first imaginative demonstrations of the Ainur, sub-making and incredibly influencing their general surroundings, and that as far as possible on a being’s capacity to make music are its motivation †regardless of whether to overwhelm or to make †and the sheer power of will it puts behind its otherworldly, melodic plan. Singing has an assortment of impacts inside Tolkien’s works, however the most emotional ones by a wide margin are those obvious in the â€Å"Ainulindale†. Here, singing is interchangeable with creation itself. The notes of the numerous Ainur, including Melkor, just as those of Iluvatar, all blend so as to shape the reason for Arda and its history. The demonstration of melody making as creation isn't figurative: the Ainur initially think about the world through music, and the voices of the Ainur are even depicted as â€Å"like unto harps and lutes, and channels and trumpets, and viols and organs, and like unto incalculable ensembles with words† (Tolkien 4). Indeed, even the contention between Iluvatar, who tries to make a universe of magnificence and opportunity for its future occupants, and Melkor, who looks to rule all that is, is done through their individual tunes. No music existed before that of the Ainur in their demonstrations of creation, and albeit a lot of music existed a while later, none was ever as incredible or persuasive in forming the world, as the section peruses â€Å"Never since have the Ainur made any music like to this music† (Tolkien 4) This unique music made the principal genuine polarization among great and vil †through the contention among Iluvatar and Melkor †and started the making of the world. The way that the Music of the Ainur made the world itself is no less noticeable than when Iluvatar pronounced â€Å"behold your music! † and the Ainur originally observed the world (Tolkien 6). Truth be told, all later music originated from this music, in that the Music of the Ainur set up for th e beginning of all Children of Iluvatar and the music they would proceed to deliver. The impacts of tune are similarly as obvious, if not exactly so sensational, in the story of Beren Luthien, especially through Luthien herself. All through the story, a significant number of Luthien’s activities spin around music and tune. When Beren first observes her, he is enchanted by her appearance, and it isn't until she sings for all to hear and â€Å"flowers [spring] from the virus earth where her feet had passed† that he is discharged from his stun enough to shout to her (Tolkien 194). Her music is additionally ground-breaking enough to put the extraordinary wolf Carcharoth, just as Morgoth himself in Angband, to rest. Also, it helps her and Huan in fighting Sauron at Tol-in-Gaurhoth. At long last, her genuine tune of distress at Beren’s demise toward the finish of the story demonstrates sufficiently moving to warrant reestablishing Beren to life, and permitting Beren and Luthien to spend their last, mortal years together in harmony. Without a doubt, it is expressed that â€Å"The melody of Luthien before Mandos was the tune most reasonable that ever in words was woven, and the tune most troubled that the world will hear† (Tolkien 221). She isn't the main character who utilizes melody to extraordinary impact, in any case. When King Felagund and Sauron fight in obscurity terrains of Morgoth, they duel with words and melodies of intensity instead of physical weapons. Felagund battles with persuasive melodies, harkening up pictures of â€Å"trust unbroken† and â€Å"resisting†, while Sauron uses tunes of â€Å"treachery† and â€Å"betrayal† (Tolkien 201). Sauron demonstrated all the more impressive in any case, and once he overcomes Felagund, the others are totally defenseless against him. In these specific stories, the best artists are either associated with the Ainur, or are Ainur themselves. This point is genuinely clear on account of the â€Å"Ainulindale†, in which all members of the Music were Iluvatar’s â€Å"Holy Ones† , but at the same time is very obvious in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† (Tolkien ). There, Luthien is half-Maia as the little girl of Melian, and her capacity is remarkable for a Child of Iluvatar. She demonstrates equipped for fighting with a fallen Valar, a ground-breaking Maia, and a horrible brute worker of Morgoth through her aptitudes with tune. Sauron himself is li kewise very talented in the specialty of melody as a Maia, and in a duel with a human he â€Å"had the mastery† (Tolkien 201). The explanation behind the supernatural prevalence of the Ainur is very straightforward: they were engaged with the first music of the world. They were initially shaped by Iluvatar for the express reason for making â€Å"in agreement together a Great Music† and through it the world, thus it is undeniably progressively characteristic to them (Tolkien 3). In spite of the fact that Luthien herself has no involvement in evident creation, as Sauron and her mom do, she in any case has the blood of a being that was basically made for tune, as Melian additionally sprang from the psyche of Iluvatar to make the world. In no way, shape or form are generally extraordinary vocalists in Tolkien’s world Maiar in any case, or even those identified with them, as the case of Felagund represents. You read Music and Magic in the World of Arda in classification Article models While Felagund will most likely be unable to best a Maia, for example, Sauron, he is as yet ready to contend with a Maia for what gives off an impression of being most of their contention, and it is by and large expressed that â€Å"the intensity of the King was very great† in the contention (Tolkien 201). He does not have the experience and innate reason for tune that any Maia would have as a being initially destined to make Arda, yet he stays a power to be dealt with, and he is verifiably more impressive through his ability with tune than most different characters in the story. It is clear, at that point, that power of will and drive can †to a degree †relieve the distinction in common capacity between a Child of Iluvatar and an Ainu. Luthien’s model expertise with tune in the last 50% of the story may have along these lines been impacted by her drive to help Beren and the â€Å"weight of horror† that her adoration made her vibe at the chance of his passing (Tolkien 202). The demonstration of melody making in the â€Å"Ainulindale† is, at its center, a demonstration of creation. What is available all through â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† anyway †and, besides, all different stories set in Middle-Earth during the First through Fourth Ages †is sub-creation. Similarly as Iluvatar made the Ainur initially with the end goal of creation, the Children of Arda and those that Iluvatar would †people, mythical beings, hobbits, and dwarves †were made to sub-make. At the end of the day, they were intended to make much further, through workmanship, writing, or more all, melody. By endeavoring to copy the melody of creation, the Children would make the world considerably increasingly dynamic, rich, and wonderful than the Valar had initially overseen. Tolkien states in his letter to Milton Waldman introducing â€Å"The Silmarillion† that for the Elves, enchantment is â€Å"Art, conveyed from a significant number of its human limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Art not power, sub-creation not mastery and tyrannous re-framing of creation† (Tolkien xvi-xvii). The impact of melody in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† was fairly unique. In the event that melodies made by the Valar were what initially realized and formed the world, at that point tunes made by the Children could do likewise, past only as far as delivering music for pleasure’s purpose. As exemplified by Felagund, an adequately solid, refined will could sub-make such that reflected creation itself, and shape the world regardless of coming up short on the regular fondness for tune that an Ainu has. What this proof focuses to is a thought that from the start may appear to be crazy: that the mystical tune creation of the Ainur and the Children are on a very basic level precisely the equivalent. The capacity of a few of the Children in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† to battle with Ainur in challenges of intensity through melody as of now loans confidence to this thought, proposing that the music made by the Ainur is the equivalent, just more prominent. No doubt the distinction between the utilization of tunes by the Ainur and the Children simply results from the characteristically more prominent self discipline of the Ainur. As creatures that are more seasoned as well as â€Å"the posterity of [Iluvatar’s] thought†, their wills are significantly more refined and sharpened than those of the Children (Tolkien 3). Hypothetically notwithstanding, any mythical being, man, hobbit, or midget with adequate mental order as well as preparing could make music as extraordinary as that of an Ainu. Accordingly, the closeness to the common world and ‘magic’ of the mythical beings is essentially an outcome of their having invested more energy

A Holiday Budget QA with The Budget Mom Part I

A Holiday Budget QA with The Budget Mom Part I A Holiday Budget QA with The Budget Mom, Kumiko Ehrmantraut, Part I A Holiday Budget QA with The Budget Mom, Kumiko Ehrmantraut, Part IKumiko Ehrmantraut is the owner and creator of The Budget Mom. She started working in the finance industry in 2011, shortly after graduating college with a Finance Major. She obtained her Accredited Financial Counselor ® designation in 2015 and is passionate about financial literacy. When she is not running her blog you can usually find her behind a camera lens, riding motorcycles with her husband, or coloring with her 4-year-old son. She currently resides in Spokane, Washington.Hi Kumiko! Thanks so much for participating in our Holiday Budget QA! Can you begin by telling us a bit about yourself and your experience in budgeting and finance?Hello! Thank you so much for allowing me to be a part of OppLoans.I started working in the finance industry back in 2011, shortly after graduating from Eastern Washington University with a major in Finance.Like most people, when I graduated college, I had no clue on how to manage my money. I had excessive student loan debt, racked up credit cards, and I had no idea on how to handle it all.Shortly after graduating, I accepted a job at a local financial advisory firm, and that’s when I was forced to take a hard look at my personal finances. I sat down, created a budget and started a debt payoff plan.After five years, I have paid off over $20,000 in credit card debt and more than $10,000 in student loan debt. During my financial journey, I developed a deep passion for financial literacy, and in 2015 I obtained my Accredited Financial Counselor ® designation so I could help people find the same success and freedom that I found.Budgeting changed my life, and I know it can change other people’s lives as well.Budgeting changed my life, and I know it can change other people’s lives as well.My passion to help others led to the creation of The Budget Mom, a blog I created to help people manage their money in all stages of life. It’s the ultimate online resource for real women who are looking to live a life they love on a budget they can afford. For me, financial freedom isn’t just about the right budgeting techniques or the best way to save money. It’s about accepting who you are, what you want, and making lifestyle changes to achieve those things.Throughout my financial journey, I have realized two things. First, your real self is more important than your ideal self and secondly, and more importantly, a life of abundance is not about what you have but how you live.What would you say is the biggest challenge for families trying to budget for the holiday season?There are a lot of challenges when it comes to budgeting for the holidays.One of those challenges is overspending. It is so easy to go over budget when you are attempting to keep up with the spending of others and are buying gifts out of guilt. If you have a small budget to work with, don’t feel like the scrooge if you are not spending or giving as much as friends and relatives .Last minute holiday shopping also makes budgeting hard. With convincing holiday sales, extra gifts can add up, even if they arent that expensive. Adding additional people to your holiday gift buying list also can cause financial stress during the holidays.Another big challenge I see when it comes to budgeting for the holidays is counting on holiday bonuses as guaranteed income. You should never include bonus money in your holiday budget. If you do overspend, and the bonus never happens, this can lead to a financial hole that you might be digging yourself out of for a long time.Forgetting to add holiday expenses to your budget can also result in significant problems. Gift giving only makes up one part of your holiday budget. Make sure you add other costs such as food, travel expenses, gas, and holiday décor to your holiday budget. The best rule when it comes to budgeting for the holidays is, if you are going to spend money on it, it needs to be in your budget.How can parents prepar e themselves and their finances for the upcoming holiday season?You have to have a plan. That’s the best and most valuable advice I can give to parents. Without it, you are setting yourself up for failure. The best way to prepare your finances is to create a holiday budget.Take one night out of your week and sit down with your significant other. It’s important that everyone in the house is on the same page.During this time, take a chance to determine how much you want to spend. Write out a list of the things you want to spend money on and how much you want to spend for each category. Here is a list of some of the most common holiday expenses:Gifts (list the amount per person)Gas and travel expensesHoliday décorCharitable offeringsHoliday photos and greeting cardsHoliday clothingFoodDuring this time, make sure you separate your wants from your needs. You may want to spend $500 on professional family photos, but maybe you can only afford to have pictures taken at your house by a family friend.Its an excellent idea to set boundaries on how much you are willing to spend on each child. As parents, this will allow you to stay on track. Once you have your limits set, the only job you have is sticking to them.It’s also handy to label each expense by priority. Prioritizing will help you if you are short on funds. Simply eliminate the things that are not that important and keep the things that matter to you.What common tips or tricks for a frugal holiday do you use in your own life? Do they always work?I have always been a creative at heart. I love doing artwork and crafts. In fact, it’s something that I enjoy doing with my son.One of the ways we keep costs down during the holiday season is by making a lot of our own holiday décor. I am a huge Dollar Store DIY lover and a lot of the decorations you see in my house are things that only cost me a few dollars. Of course, when you are working with unconventional materials and a tutorial you have never seen before, things can go wrong.Another area we save during the holidays is by shopping at thrift or consignment shops. For the last 3 years, I was able to purchase my son’s Halloween costume for less than $10. Some of the best things to buy at the thrift store include:Christmas tree decorationsChildren clothingDinner placemat settingsYou could easily spend more than $100 on Christmas tree decorations at a normal store. Some of the more elaborate Christmas tree decorations can cost you more than $10 each. My son and I like to go and get the Christmas tree ball ornaments and paint them when we get home. It makes the decorations on the tree more of a holiday tradition than just a pretty decoration.Of course, life happens and things don’t always work out. We spent a whole day looking for a Halloween costume this year for my son, and we just couldn’t find one that fit him at our normal thrift store. It was poorer planning on my part, as we got a late start this year on Halloween.Check back t omorrow for Part II!Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIN

Why I Write

Writinggives me the opportunity to let my thoughts to run wild. With just a sheet ofpaper and pen, I can open the door to my soul.It is like taking amuch-needed vacation. I always fly first class away from all the stress, sadnessand difficulties of life and am able to express what I'm feeling without fearingwhat others may think. My writing gives me the strength to allow myself to beme.Still, though there are many times when I feel lost in the jumble ofwords scattered all around my paper, I am always able to change, erase or crossout things that do not appeal to me. It may be two days, or two years, before apiece is done, but after the sweat, long hours and determination to do my best, Ismile with satisfaction at the finished work."Writing can be a veryunstable profession, honey. Why not look at other options?" my mother urges.So the countdown continues. College applications and shiny brochures take over mydefenseless mailbox. A pretty impressive ACT score hangs proudly on therefrige rator door, stopping everyone who sees it. Classmates excitedly ramble onabout scholarships, dorm rooms and senioritis."I hate to tell youthis, but creative writing is not on the list," my best friend tells me overthe phone one day. Ah yes! For the past few months all I have beenhearing about is "The List." My friend composed a list of 100 majorsand professions entitled, "The Highest-Paying Jobs of 2002." This ishow she plans to choose her major. Interesting. It seems with just two monthsleft until graduation, I am the only person willing to follow a passion insteadof a potential income.Nonetheless, although it may seem rather peculiarthat a person may find a sense of joy in something like writing, I'm happy thatthrough the years I've kept with it. And even with my high school educationcoming to a close, I hope to continue to answer that inevitable question peopleseem to ask, someday through the pages of a novel.The question: Why do Iwrite?

Annotated Bibliography On Google Chrome - 1242 Words

CHAPTER: 2 INTRODUCTION TO GOOGLE CHROME 2.0 INTRODUCTION: [7]Google Chrome is a freeware web browser accessible by Google. Basically the software is free of cost .The chrome is easily offered and easy to use. It was first in 2008, for Microsoft Windows, and was future sketch in the Linux , macOS ,iOS and Android. Google Chrome is also the essential part of Chrome OS, where it assists a policy for running web apps. Google announcements the most of Chrome’s source code as the Chromium open-source project. The core of the Google chrome is written in the C++ language .The rendering Engine of the chrome is Web core and C++.The java script Engine is V8 and C++ in Google Chrome. The developers of Google Chrome are Google. It is available in 47 languages. The operating systems it support are †¢ Android 4.1 or later †¢ IOS (version 9 or later ) †¢ LINUX (GTK v2.24 or Later) †¢ Windows 7 or Later The windows, Linux, UI bits are written in C++. The Mac/IOS UI bits are written in Objective C .The Android UI bits are written in Java. Initial release was on September 2, 2008, about 8 years ago. It is free ware under Google terms and conditions. Google Chrome is an open source software program for traversing the www World Wide Web and successively Web-based application and Mobile Based applications. 2.1 HISTORY: Google business leader Eric Schmidt disparate the progress of an independent web browser for six ages. He indicated that â€Å"at the era, Google was a minor company,† and he did notShow MoreRelatedThe Internet And Its Impact On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesflexible by saving space, time, and money. If this comes into play, traditional web servers will not be able to compete with the same performance as a cloud server. Many individuals are already involved with cloud services such as OneDrive, Dropbox, Google Drive, etc. Over the past few years, more and more items are being tied to web servers such as refrigerators, watches, home systems, etc. Devices like these will continue to come forth in the future. Generally, the overall purpose of a web serverRead MoreEssay on Culminating Project for RDG 5438982 Words   |  36 Pagestraditional desks when watching a video on the Smart Board. Individual student work area includes a desktop PC that includes speakers and text book. All students in our county have been issued Chrome books at have WiFi connections to the school network and are about to be connected at home. These Chrome books are not able to have Microsoft Office on them, rendering them just about useless for my class. PART TWO: ASSESSMENT PLAN Formal Assessment related to instruction plan: The North

Essays about 3 Famous Arguments of Gods Existence

Introduction In order to understand God from a philosophical standpoint this paper will aim at comprehensively discussing the three famous arguments of Gods existence that arouse as a result of debates between philosophers and theologians. These arguments which will be critically examined in the text include; the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments. The ontological argument This argument focuses on God as a perfect being and was formulated by one St. Anslem a catholic archbishop. He argues that God not only exists in our understanding but also in reality since for a being to be perfect it must exist in all possible circumstances. Hence a God that can exist in only particular circumstances and fails in others is considered as a less than perfect being. The cosmological argument This argument attempts to prove the existence of God by use of concepts such as; motion,   efficient cause as well as possibility and necessity. St Thomas of Aquinas is responsible for this argument. On the concept of motion he argues that, whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another which cannot extend to infinity due to the presence of a first mover who in this case is God himself. In the efficient cause aspect he argues that, no circumstances events or anything whatsoever can change itself but it can be able to change other things. Therefore a string of change which can’t be infinite is formulated. As a result all this changes can be attributed to a first cause, that’s God. He thus exists. On the concept of possibility and necessity he argues that anything made possible attributes its existence to a preexisting thing. The teleological argument St Thomas of Aquinas is responsible for this argument too. Here he focuses on the governance of the world by examining the manner in which natural things that are devoid of intelligence act to an end. He asserts that if anything is to act to an end it must posses intelligence or be directed by a being who posses intelligence. He regards this being that is responsible for the direction of natural substances without intelligence to an end as God. Conclusion From the forgoing discussion it is clear that philosophy too acknowledges the existence of God. This is reached upon by critical evaluation of fundamental facts that contribute to this truth. The three arguments play a critical role in this examination as they provide the needed facts. It can thus be argued that philosophy is factual and objective in its understanding of God and his existence.

The Role of Women in Beowulf - 1137 Words

The Role of Women in Beowulf The women in Beowulf, which was written around 70 CE by an anonymous poet, fill many different roles, ranging from peacekeepers to wives and monsters, all of which are evidenced in the Queen Wealtheow, Queen Hygd, Hidleburh, and Grendel’s mother. The most prominent role of women throughout the poem is devoted wives and queens, which is reflected in the portrayal of Queen Wealtheow. When she is first introduced, Wealtheow â€Å"went on her rounds, queenly and dignified, decked out in rings, offering the goblet to all ranks, treating the household and the assembled troop† and then â€Å"with measured words she welcomed the Geat and thanked God for granting her wish that a deliverer she could believe in would arrive to ease their afflictions† (lines 620–28). The anonymous poet paints a picture of Wealtheow as gracious, regal, and put together, everything that an ideal queen should be. Not only is she physically perfect, but she is also an ideal hostess – one who tends to everyone, welcomes guests warmly, and ensures that everything is running smoothly for her husband. Later in the poem, Wealtheow gives a toast, â€Å"enjoy this drink, my most generous lord; raise up your goblet, entertain the Geats d uly and gently, discourse with them, be open-handed, happy and fond† (lines 1168–71). Similar to this one, Wealtheow often gives speeches or toasts throughout the poem, something that, though not entirely masculine, is usually reserved for kings to give to hisShow MoreRelatedRole Of Women In Beowulf1039 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the novel Beowulf, women can be looked at as unimportant, but from Campbell’s excerpt one can see how the role of women in Beowulf is as essential as the role of men. Throughout the course of Beowulf, many men take part in acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice, but what many do not notice is the roles women have taking part in those same actions. Although women’s acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice in this novel seem to be minor and not as celebrated as the men’s acts, theyRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Beowulf1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Beowulf Beowulf is an epic tale written over twelve hundred years ago. In the poem, several different female characters are introduced, and each woman possesses detailed and unique characteristics. The women in Beowulf are portrayed as strong individuals, each of whom has a specific role within the poem. Some women are cast as the cup-bearers and gracious hostesses of the mead halls, such as Wealhtheow and Hygd, while others, Grendels mother, fulfill the role of a monstrousRead MoreEssay about Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf1585 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf As an epic tale of heroes and monsters, Beowulf gives its readers much excitement and adventure, but Beowulfs importance is more than just literary. It offers many insights into the beliefs and customs of seventh-century Anglo-Saxon culture. Among these insights is the Anglo-Saxon view of women and their role in society. Good Anglo-Saxon women are peaceful and unassertive, greeting guests and serving drinks to the warriors and other men in the meadhall. WealhtheowRead More Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society932 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beowulf, the hero of Anglo-Saxon epic, had many adventures, and many companions and fellow-warriors are mentioned throughout his story. Some of them seem noble and courageous, truly living up to the standards of their culture; some seem cowardly. But all have gained immortality in the words, many times transcribed and translated, of the famous epic. However, the women of the time are rarely mentioned in Beowulf. Still, even from those fewRead MoreThe Role of Women in English Literature: From Beowulf up to the Late Eighteenth Century963 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the role of women in English literature, both as characters in works written by men and women and as authors in their own right, from Beowulf up to the late eighteenth century. The role of women in English literature from Beowulf up to the late eighteenth century mostly represented the mores and gender expectations of the time. Exceptions were Rebecca in Sir Walter Scotts Ivanhoe who epitomized an intelligent and courageous woman and Grendalls mother in Beowulf who tried to attack theRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Literature Was Composed Between The Years 6501510 Words   |  7 PagesAnglo-Saxon literature was composed between the years 650 and 1110. Beowulf is one of the most famous epics written during this time. It’s also known as the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem. Most stories written during this time were about the deeds of warriors, heroic acts, and religion. Beowulf is a warrior from the Geats who is asked to come protect king Hrothgar from an attack by a sea monster named Grendel. All of these characters are men. There are very few epicsRead More Medieval Women Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesMedieval Women The roles of women in early Anglo-Saxon culture were strictly defined. Women were viewed as possessions and served the function of the peace-weaver. In this role women were married off to warring tribes to promote peace and were to perform duties such as passing the cup from warrior to warrior during ceremonial functions. Women in Anglo-Saxon culture possessed virtually no autonomy and consequently were consistently at the mercy of their lords or husbands. The sense ofRead MoreThe Similarities Of Beowulf And Sense And Sensibility1345 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent eras and literary movements are going to have similarities. At first glance the two stories, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility, are completely different, but if you look closer, youll find as many similarities as differences, its just that the differences are the most prevalent elements of these two literary pieces. To start off, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility are very different. Firstly, Beowulf is an epic lyric poem; a lyric poem is a poem meant to sung, while an epic poem is an elegy, aRead MoreJohn Leyerle, Jane Chance, And J.r. R. Tolkien1422 Words   |  6 Pagesvaluable insight to their respective depictions of Beowulf’s structure. While Chance and Tolkien are accurate in terms of the representation of the monsters and historical references in Beowulf, Leyerle’s argument offers a more inclusive and whole depiction of Beowulf’s structure. Leyerle describes the structure of Beowulf as interlacing. Leyerle’s essay is more cogent than Chance’s and Tolkien’s through the definition of interlace, the significance of digressions, and historical allusions presented inRead MoreThe Importance Of Female Heroism Through The Epic Of Beowulf1660 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is known for displaying the importance of male heroism via Beowulf, but what about the significance of the women in the poem? The significance of women in Beowulf is overshadowed by the great heroism of the character Beowulf, but the women each have a reason for participating in the epic. The ideal woman was someone who was a noble, a mistress and loyal. An ideal woman is described in Maxim I: â€Å"at mead drinking she must at all times and places approach the protector of princes first, in front

Capitalism And Feminism A Form Of An Economic And Social...

Capitalism is a form of an economic and social organisation characterised by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and the exchange of goods by private ownership Knox, P. and Marston, S. (2014). Capitalisation creates opportunity to build global trading relationships and financial institutions that have an impact on national and regional economies. Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies that share a common goal to create change by establishing the equality of genders to ensure that women are treated fairly in the social, political and economical environments. The purpose of this essay is to establish the problems and potentials that arise from Capitalism and Feminism that have emerged as a result of globalisation and how feminism is helping to overcome issues of inequality that have emerged in the everyday living of women in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country located in South Asia it is bordered by the country of India (Figure 1.1) . The capital city of Bangladesh Is Dhaka, As of 2013 Bangladesh has a population of 162 077 360 people, of which 4,237,592 are woman. (World Bank) Feminism ensures that women are treated equally within the capitalist workforce. In developing countries there is an evident negative effect of capitalisation as seen in countries such as Bangladesh for the country has limited protections available for women in the workforce. However capitalism has increased the standard of living in BangladeshShow MoreRelatedOutline and Assess the Five Main Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology2024 Words   |  9 Pagespolitical practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called Marxism. Under capitalism, the proletariat, the working class own only their capacity to work meaning they have the ability only to sell their own labour. According to Marx a class is defined by the relations of its members to the means of production. Under capitalism, the workers, in order to support their families are paid a minimum wage or salary. The worker is alienated because he has noRead MoreFamily and Household2017 Words   |  9 PagesSociology is the subject which looks at the social world around us, how the social world works and how it effects and influences our daily lives. People tend to accept the social arrangements in which they grew up as normal or too complicated to understand. The family is the natural way to bring up children and schools are the normal places for children to learn. For most people the social world is just there, challenging their lives, they cannot change it and it is not really worth while tryingRead MoreRadical Feminism Versus Liberal Feminism1931 Wor ds   |  8 Pagesextension of feminism into theoretical and philosophical discourse. They aim at understanding of the nature of gender inequality .They in turn examine women’s social roles and life experiences .While in general some provide a critique of social relationships .Most feminist theories also focus on analysing gender inequality and the promotion of women’s rights, interests and issues .Among such theories are the Liberal feminism and the Radical feminism theories. While Liberal and Radical feminism both seekRead MoreCritically evaluate the contribution made by sociologists to our understanding of health and illness2889 Words   |  12 Pageshealth and illness Sociology, the study of society and social behaviour of groups, at various levels and from different perspectives, from solid interpretations to generalisations. It can vary from the study of two individuals encounter to the analysis of global social processes. 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These theories have changed vastly from the classical era to the modern era, addressing issues thatRead MoreSociological And Common Sense Understanding1341 Words   |  6 PagesSociology Throughout this essay, I will explain the distinction between sociological and common sense understanding, highlight the differences between sociology and other social sciences, and evaluate two sociological perspectives – Marxism and feminism. Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It examines the development of social structures, and the interaction between these structures and human behaviour. Sociologists aim to provide tools of understanding the process of socialisation, andRead MoreGender And Class, Production And Reproduction, Exploitation And Oppression2094 Words   |  9 PagesMarx and Engels onwards. Vogel’s analysis of the contribution of various 19th and 20th century socialists, which actually makes up much of the first two thirds of the book, is weak when compared to the final section elaborating her own theory of social reproduction. In particular, Vogel fails to engage with some important arguments made by Clara Zetkin and Lenin, as well as Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra Kollontai and Leon Trotsky (the latter does not even warrant a mention), about the key role of theRead MoreHealth and Social Care - Unit 7 (P1P2) Principle Sociological Perspectives2289 Words   |  10 PagesPrincipal Sociological Perspectives P1 P2 The principal sociological perspectives are Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism, collectivism, postmodernism, ‘New Right’. 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World Resources †scarcity and conflict Free Essays

string(271) " think there should be an international one child policy, but as a whole unit we need to find a method to achieve optimum population and taking into consideration a specific area’s carrying capacity and therefore move into the direction of sustainable development\." In the 1960s, one photograph changed the way world leaders, scientists and the general population thought about the management of the world’s resources. People became concerned about the world’s resources running out. This photograph was our Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on World Resources – scarcity and conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now When world leaders saw this photograph taken from space, the world looked for the first time the world looked small and finite, this is because there is so many people on this planet and there needs to be consideration on what resources we use, and how much we use of them. The term ‘spaceship earth’ is applied here to describe how people felt about the Earth’s resources†¦they were limited just as a spaceship has limited reserves of air, water and food. Before world leaders were in illusion thinking that the world’s resources were in abundance. Some resources are non renewable meaning that after they run out there is no way of replacing them, and they only reform after millions of years these resources are called fossil fuels. There are three types of fossil fuels (crude oil, coal and natural gas). These resources are the resources the world should be concerned about and therefore use it sparingly. However the fossil fuels although the most important are not the only non renewable resources, others include food and forests. There are other resources called renewable energy sources which are starting to be developed such as biomass and wind power which takes the earth’s natural processes such as wind and through certain mechanisms covert it into energy which can be used for electricity. So in answer to the question, the fossil fuels are the most important world resources, however there are other non renewable world resources that have to be carefully used otherwise certain things couldn’t happen, for example imagine what the world would be like without out any wood. When the first maps of the world were created, many parts of the world were not discovered and therefore because society in that day and age believed in sea creatures and mermaids and other such things, everyone thought two things, firstly that at the end of the world was limitless and secondly that at the end of the worlds there were sea monsters. The first maps of the world were flat. Naturally many incorrect assumptions had been made, the world was not limitless and of course no sea monsters. However as countries began to be discovered the world seemed to become limitless and powerful. People began to have a care free attitude about the resources because they thought they would never run out. Things started to go downhill when it was discovered that the world was actually round, people started to believe that the world was not limitless, however they still remained in the delusion that the world’s resources were not going to run out any time soon and then therefore continued with their care free attitude. It was not until the 1960’s that people began to get worried about the world’s resources and decide to do something not to waste electricity (which in theory is the product of fossil fuels). This diagram shows how many people began to care about the world. Background There are two main official views in regard to the world’s resources running out. These are optimists and pessimists: Optimists View Optimists believe that the world’s resources are eventually going to run out, but we can delay that happening, and our future is not doomed. Because the is such talk and media coverage of the world’s resources running out optimists hope that people will alter their lifestyle and take certain measures to delay the world’s resources running out such as turning their computers off at night. Optimists also believe because of advanced technology and science, we can discover more and more alternative fuels, optimists believe that people would use alternative energy sources as it is cheap and therefore more economical. In the future optimists believe that there should be a more equal distribution of the world’s resources. Famous optimists include E.Boserup and J.Simon. Pessimists View These people believe that the world’s resources have a finite limit and could eventually run out or be damaged beyond repair. In 1970, 10 countries, known as the Club of Rome, met in order to discuss resource management. Their report, entitled ‘The Limits to Growth’, made predictions about a world where continued industrial and population growth would consume both resources and food supplies. This Club believed that population increase are the reason why world resources are running out because there is more demand for it; they put forward the idea of preventive checks. An example of one of their ideas is the one child policy; they wanted to make the one child and international policy. Famous pessimists include P.Ehrlich. Factors that are causing the World’s Resources to Decrease There are a few main factors that are causing the world’s resources to decrease. Population Because there is such a growth of population, people are needing more and more energy in their house. This is best displayed in a case study: In the year 2000 Family A (comprising of a husband and wife) used 20,000kg of energy per year. In 2002 they had their first child. Before Family A didn’t watch that much T.V., however now because their child needs entertainment, the T.V. is turned on for the whole day even if the child is not watching. So in 2003 their yearly consumption increased to 25,000kg. Now think of this on an international scale and everyday the population is using up more and more world resources. Optimists say that creating new alternative energy sources rather than using the fossil fuels up, is the way forward. Pessimists say that the way forward is to enforce an international one child policy, to over populated areas to balance the population out to one of an optimum population. However I agree with the pessimists but I don’t think there should be an international one child policy, but as a whole unit we need to find a method to achieve optimum population and taking into consideration a specific area’s carrying capacity and therefore move into the direction of sustainable development. You read "World Resources – scarcity and conflict" in category "Papers" Economic Threats Because of the current economic downturn people are turning to cheaper ways to provide heat, water and electricity to their houses they are put off by the idea of alternative energy sources such as solar panels because they can’t afford it Case Study-Diamonds (Sierra Leone) In this day and age diamonds are such a controversial issue, as most people in the West think diamonds are nice stones that are on their rings, however twenty years ago 40% of all diamonds were somehow in the process of buying/selling at least one illegal transaction was carried out, now due to the Kimberly agreement and other factors including media this figure has decreased to 25%. Diamonds are a world resource that is limited as they will eventually run out. Sierra Leone is a country located in the north west of Africa. Sierra Leone is one of the largest diamond producer in the world this is because of it’s geographical location, it’s relief and finally because it has so many mines. This is still unfortunately has not lead to the economic development of the country, because rebel troops take over the mines and take all profits. Sometimes diamonds are fought over; these diamonds are known as conflict/blood diamonds. Sierra Leone’s Conflict Diamonds In 1991, Sierra Leone a rebel force known as the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) launched assaults against the government. A military government was set up, yet this did not deter the RUF attacks. From the beginning, the RUF became allies with Liberia. Their goal was officially to combat crime and corruption but it soon became clear that their main aim was to take control of the diamond mines. The RUF would take prisoners and enslave them to work in the diamond mines. The work conditions were horrible and they were punished for the slightest things. Anyone opposed to the RUF’s methods and practices would be brutally punished. All this was unknown to – or perhaps ignored by – the outside world for many years. UN studies estimate that about $125 million worth of rough diamonds were bought by the diamond industry in Europe alone! The equivalent of this money is tens of thousands of people killed and even more hurt. It was only in 1999 that the UN deployed a mission to Sierra Leone to deal with the problem of Sierra Leone Conflcit Diamonds. Since then, sanctions have been put in place so as to curb such illegal activities. The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme requires a paper trail that certifies the origin of rough diamonds. This aims to cut off the flow of diamonds from countries like Sierra Leone. The question that remains to be answered today is whether the paper trail that accompanies each diamond shipment is for real. Certificates can be forged. Rough diamonds can be smuggled into a â€Å"clean† country. After that, there would be no way of knowing where the gems came from. There is always a willing market somewhere in another country. Traders and buyers don’t always ask questions. They are just happy to buy and line their pockets. In an area inflicted with suffering and poverty, there is always an official who would be willing to accept bribes. All it takes is one person to overlook a shipment of blood diamonds. For all we know, there might still be a steady flow of rough conflict diamonds coming from the mines of Sierra Leone today. We do not know any of these facts and figures exactly as the Government is reluctant to let media or aid into the country. In 2000 the BBC published a moving article and photo about diamonds in Sierra Leone. Effects of the BBC Article and Photo The BBC article had a resounding effect on the rest f the world not only did people become more interested in where their diamonds came from, but starting to buy ethical diamonds. Also Kanye West (singer) released a controversial song about diamonds in Sierra Leone which caused more and more people to take an interest of the origins of the diamonds. Also Kanye West refused to wear any type of ‘bling’ which influenced many children. Artificial/Man made Diamonds ‘Science have finally found a way to make diamonds-Bad News for Sierra Leone’ this was a news headline a few years ago form the BBC. Everyone knew the time would come when science would be able to find a way to make diamonds. There is a plus side and down side for this, firstly the up side. If more people buy synthetic diamonds because they are cheaper, then more people would stop buying diamonds that have been sold but rebel forces. However on the down side the economy of Sierra Leone is plummeting to all time low because more and more people are buying synthetic diamonds because of the recession. The Kimberly Process The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (Kimberley Process) is an international governmental certification scheme that was set up to prevent the trade in diamonds that fund conflict. Launched in January 2003, the scheme requires governments to certify that shipments of rough diamonds are free from blood diamonds. Case Study-Water (Across the Globe) Water is a world resource as we rely on it thoroughly and if we didn’t have the sad reality is we would die. Water is not at the moment is shortage, but the way consumption is going in the West in the next one hundred years it could well become shortage. We have a good supply of water in the West, however in LEDCs, water is quite hard to lay hands on. Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know it. The plain fact is – no water, no life! This becomes all the more worrying when we realise that the worlds supply of drinkable water will soon diminish quite rapidly. In fact a recent report commissioned by the United Nations has emphasised that by the year 2025 at least 66% of the worlds population will be without an adequate water supply. Incalculable damage. As a disaster in the making water shortage ranks in the top category. Without water we are finished, and it is thus imperative that we protect the mechanism through which we derive our supply of this life giving fluid. Unfortunately the exact opposite is the case. We are doing incalculable damage to the planets capacity to generate water and this will have far ranging consequences for the not too distant future. Bleak future The United Nations has warned that burning of fossil fuels is the prime cause of water shortage. While there may be other reasons such as increased solar activity it is clear that this is a situation over which we can exert a great deal of control. If not then the future will be very bleak indeed! Already the warning signs are there. Droughts The last year has seen devastating heatwaves in many parts of the world including the USA where the state of Texas experienced its worst drought on record. Elsewhere in the United States forest fires raged out of control, while other regions of the globe experienced drought conditions that were even more severe. Parts of Iran, Afgahnistan, China and other neighbouring countries experienced their worst droughts on record. These conditions also extended throughout many parts of Africa and it is clear that if circumstances remain unchanged we are facing a disaster of epic proportions. Moreover it will be one for which there is no easy answer. Dangers. The spectre of a world water shortage evokes a truly frightening scenario. In fact the United Nations warns that disputes over water will become the prime source of conflict in the not too distant future. Where these shortages become ever more acute it could forseeably lead to the brink of nuclear conflict. On a lesser scale water, and the price of it, will acquire an importance somewhat like the current value placed on oil. The difference of course is that while oil is not vital for life, water most certainly is! Power shift. It seems clear then that in future years countries rich in water will enjoy an importance that perhaps they do not have today. In these circumstances power shifts are inevitable, and this will undoubtedly create its own strife and tension. Nightmare situation. In the long term the implications do not look encouraging. It is a two edged sword. First the shortage of water, and then the increased stresses this will impose upon an already stressed world of politics. It means that answers need to be found immediately. Answers that will both improve the damage to the environment, and also find new sources of water for future consumption. If not, and the problem is left unresolved there will eventually come the day when we shall find ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer. Conclusion Overall I feel that we should be optimistic about the resource management in the future however we should guard about being complacent and consequently wasteful. Science is developing quickly and in the future there will be a system of some sort to enable better management of the resources. However again this doesn’t mean we can be wasteful, also we have to make sure that we use certain resources more conservatively to ensure future generations live happily. On the other hand however if we implant many more alternative energy resources (i.e. wind power instead of coal) then future generations will use them as the norm, rather than the present day generation who have to deal with this cross over stage that we are undergoing now-the Government encouraging other sources of energy, however when we look at these the prices are sky high. To ensure that we manage resources so that it is more sustainable, I propose certain plans: 1) Increase price of electricity and gas, decrease price of alternative energy sources (for example solar panels). This would hopefully on the economic side of things encourage people to use alternative fuel. 2) Carry out a major distribution project of the world resources, ensuring each country has roughly the same amount. 3) Set up a kind of police to make sure diamonds are not being sold or mined illegally, through slavery or through violence. This will ensure the decrease the amount of conflict or blood diamonds. Finally, I have outlined five strategies for using more sustainability in my daily life: 1) Have a shower, rather than a bath. This will decrease the amount of water I use, reduce the water bills and make it more efficient cleaning process. 2) When shopping with my parents, I should encourage them to look at the label and check where the product comes from, and therefore try to get the product, which has the least food miles. 3) Encourage my parents to buy energy saving bulbs, which last longer, and are more sustainable. 4) When going out turn off my computer rather than leaving it on standby. 5) When making a cup of tea, don’t fill the kettle right to the top, as that wastes, water and energy. How to cite World Resources – scarcity and conflict, Papers

Quantitative Analysis Cheat Sheet free essay sample

Analytical chemistry: science of chemical measurement. Its object is the generation, treatment and evaluation of signals from which information is obtained on the composition and structure of matter Measurement: process of obtaining the magnitude of a quantity Example: The amount of saturated fat in the sample is 3 g/serving. Quantity: attribute of a phenomenon that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively Value: magnitude of a particular quantity expressed as a unit of measured * a number Unit: particular quantity defined and adopted by convention for comparison of magni ? Globalization requires comparability of measurements Metric system: Meter Convention led to the signing of the Meter (1875) establishing the Bureau International des Poids et Measures In 1960, the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name Systeme International d’Unites (ISU) for recommended practical system of units of measurement Fundamental SI units: length (m), mass (kg), time, electric current (a), temp, luminous intensity – candela (cd), amount of substance (mol), plane angle (radian), solid angle (steradian) Meter: from 1/110^7 distance from equator to north pole ? distance travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299, 792, 458 second Kg: only remaining unit whose definition is based on an international prototype ? Prototype 52 (Germany) 18 (UK) 20 (US) International proto (Sevres, France) 90% Pt, 10% Ir alloy SI derived: frequency(1/s), force, pressure (pascal), work, power (watt), charge (coulomb), electric potential (volt), elec resistance (ohm) 24-(-24) yotta, zetta, exa, peta, tera, giga, kilo, hector, deka, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, atto, zepto, yocto amount of substance: number of some specified elementary entity: mole (quantity: amount) unit: mole One serving of milk contains 195 mg PHOSPHORUS (matrix ? value ? unit ? specie/analyte) Matrix: where the specie is being determined Concentration: how much solute is contained in a given mass or volume Molarity: mol/L * Molality: mol/kg*weight percent: mass of substance per mass solution (g/g % or wt%) *volume percent: Vol % * mole fraction: amount of substance in the total amount of solution (unitless) Normality: number of equivalence per liter solution Parts per million (ppm) is expressed in units mg/kg or  µg/mL Parts per billion (ppb) is expressed in  µg/kg or ng/g. aqeous:  µg/L or ng/mL Volumtetric flask: used to prepare solutions of exact concentration (contains a specified volume) Chapter 2: Tools of the trade laboratory notebook (objectives: state what was done, observed, be easily understandable) analytical balance (principle of operation – sample on balance pushes pan down with a force (m x g), balance pan with equal and opposing mass(mechanical: standard mass, electronic: opposing electromagnetic force, tare – mass of empty vessel) double-pan balance: balance beam suspended on a sharp knife edge, standard weights are added, weight of sample is equal to total weight of standards electronic balance: uses electromagnetic force to return the pan to original position (electric current required to generate force is proportional to sample mass) 2. Methods of weighting: basic operational rules: don’t place chemicals directly on weighing pan, balance in an arrested position (decrease sensitivity if not followed), weight by difference (useful when hygroscopic: readily absorb water from air), taring 3. Errors in weighing: sources (any factor that could affect mass – dirty or moist sample container, not at room temp, adsorption of water, vibration of wind currents, non-level balance) buoyance errors: failure to correct for weight difference due to displacement of air by sample correction: m = (m’(1-(da/dw))/(1-(da/d) m- true mass, m’ – mass read from balance, d – density of sample, da – density of air (0. 0012 g/ml at 1 atm at 25 C), dw – density of calibration weights (8 g/ml) density of air changes with temp and pressure (da under non standard conditions: =0. 46468(B-0. 3783 V/T) B= barometer pressure (torr), V= vapour pressure of water in the air (torr), T= temperature (K) Volume measurements: 1. Burets (used to deliver multiple aliquots of a liquid in known vols – tolerance: ? the smallest graduation) Correct use of buret: read buret at bottom of concave meniscus, read at eye level (avoids parallax errors, from above: smaller), estimate buret reading nearest 0. 1 division, expel all air bubbles, rinse buret 2-3x with solution, near end of titration, volume of 1 drop or less 2. Volumetric flask:correct use: add reagent of solution to flask and dissolve in volume of solvent less than total capacity of flask, slowly add more solvent until mark, mix solution by inversion (40 or more times), glass adsorbs trace amount of chemicals ? clean using acid wash (adhere to surface) 3. Pipets and Syringes (deliver a given volume of liquid) Types of pipets: transfer pipet (transfers a single volume, fill to calibration mark, last drop does not drain out of pipet (do not blow out), more accurate than measuring pipet(similar to vol flask) measuring pipet: calibrated similar to buret, use to deliver a variable volume micropipette: deliver volumes of 1 to 1000  µL(fixed and variable), uses disposable polypropylene tip, stable in most aqueous and organic solvents (not chloroform), need periodic calibration syringes: deliver volumes of 1 to 500  µL (accuraprec: 0. 5-1%, steel needle permits piercing stopper to transfer liquid under controlled atmosphere (attacked by strong acid and contaminate solution with iron) correct use: use a bulb for drawing solutions, rinse pipets and syringes before using, remove bubbles Filtration: mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it Purpose: used in gravimetric analysis for analysis of a substance by mass of a precipitate it produced (solid collected in paper or fritted-glass filters) Drying: remove moisture from reagents, convert sample to more readily analysable form Oven drying: common for sample prep, 110 C for water removal, use loose covers to prevent contamination from dust Dessicator: cool and store reagent or sample over long periods of time (contains drying agent to absorb water from atmosphere, airtight seal) Primary standard: may be used to prepare standard solution used as reference for knowing amount of subtstance or calibrate an analytical measurement (KHP f or determining NaOH) 99. 9% pure or better, not decompose under ordinary storage, stable when dried by heat or vacuum (should not be a hydrate), of high molecular weight Chapter 3: Propagation of Error significant figures: minimum number of digits needed to write a given value (in sci not) without loss of accuracy zeros are simple place holders and are counted significant only if, in between, to the right of the decimal point the last significant figure in any number is the first digit with any uncertainty (minimum uncertainty is +/- 1 unit in the last significant figure) addition/subtraction (least amount of decimal points), multiplication/division: least sig figs logs and antilogs ? a = 10^b or log(a)=b ? log(339)=2. 530 (2, character) and (. 530, mantissa) log – resulting mantissa should be same as total number of sig figs in original number (a) antilog: number of sig figs in the result should be same as total number of sig figs in the mantissa of original logarithm â€Å"b† graph: spread coordinates over as much of the graph as possible systematic or determinate error: error caused consistently in all results due to inappropriate methods or experimental techniques, results in a definite difference from true value, can be discovered/corrected random or indeterminate error: caused by random variations, results in scatter of results centered on true value(error type A), stdev accuracy: close to true value(systematic error), precision: close to each other(precision)(error type B, bias) absolute and relative uncertainty: both measures of the precision associated with a given measurement absolute uncertainty: margin of uncertainty associated with a measurement (like from the device) relative uncertainty: compare s size of the absolute uncertainty with the size of its associated measurement (absolute uncertainty/measured value) if percentage: multiply by 100 measurement of uncertainty: parameter that characterizes the dispersion of the quantity values that are being attributed to a measurand based on the information used we need it: demonstrates metrological quality, documents in transparent way the measurement procedure, gives confidence to the results and allows comparison, demonstrates compliance with limits and establishment of acceptance criteria estimation: specify the measurand (equation, scope of measurement and bias), identify the uncertainty sources (create cause and effect diagram), quantify the uncertainty components, convert the standard uncertainties, calculate the combined standard uncertainty, multiply obtained standard uncertainty by a coverage factor 2(95% confidence level) statistical distributions: 1) normal distribution: use to estimate uncertainty due to random errors ( repeatability precision) u(x)=s 2) triangular: estimate uncertainty when maximum range (+/- a) is given u(x)=a/v6 Rectangular distribution: estimate uncertainty when specification gives limit (+/-a) without specifying the level of confidence (e. g. limits in the specifications of concentration of standards, instrument error) u(x)=a/v3 Selectivity (specificity) – being able to distinguish your analyte from other species in the matrix Sensitivyt – being able to respond reliably and measurably to changes in analyte concentration (slope of calibration curve) Standardization of NaOH solution (C of NaOH = MKHP*P KHP *1000/(M KHP * V NaOh)) propagation of uncertainty: absolute or relative uncertainty of a calculated result can be estimated usig the absolute or relative uncertainties of the values Addition or subtraction: absolute uncertainty obtained using absolute uncertainties used in the calculations (v(abs uncertainty )^2+(abs uncertainty 2)^2†¦ check formula 2. 1 relative uncertainty: still divide the absolute uncertainty by the measurement Chapter 4: Statistics all measurements contain random error (always have uncertainty), uncertainty are used to determine if two or more experimental results are equivalent or different (statistics is used to accomplish this task) Gaussian Curve – distribution of results of large number of experiments done under identical conditions (for a series of experimental results with only random error) Plotted number of occurences (y) vs value (x) and then high population about correct value at peak goes from  µ to 1sigma sa right and -1sigma sa left 2. Any set of data (and corresponding Gaussian curve) can be characterized by two parameters: mean or average value (sum of all values/total number of values taken) standard deviation (take the square root of the sum of the (value taken – mean)/(number of values taken – 1)(better when smaller) variance: related to standard deviation (how wide or precise a distribution of results is) = s^2 (s= stdev) Range: difference in highest and lowest values in a set of data (H-L) Median: value in a set of data which has an equal number of data values above and below it (get the middle, if odd siya, get the two sa middle then divide by 2) Formula for a gaussian curve: check image ( µ= mean, sigma = stdev, e =e) 1. 1 By knowing stdev and mean of a set, the probability of the next result falling in any given range can be calculated by: z = (x-mean)/s (probability of a result falling in the portion in GC is equa to the normalized area of the curve in that portion (+/1s = 86. 3%, 2 95. 5 %, 3-99. 7%, 4-99. 9%) Check formula sheet 1. 2 Get the z, check the area of it, total ? area is 0. 5, remaining area is 0. 5-area Knowing the stdev of a data set indicates the precision of a measurement, precision of many analytical measurements is expressed as: mean+/- 2s (there is only 5% chance that any given measurement on the sample will be outside this range) The precision of a mean result is expressed using a confidence interval (relationship between the true mean value ( µ) and the measured mean is ( µ=mean +/- ((ts/vn) ? confidence interval) s=stdev, n= num of measurements, t= student’s t value degrees of freedom = (n-1) (as n increases, confidence interval becomes smaller and  µ becomes more precisely known) Student’s t: statistical tool frequently used to express confidence intervals (a probability distribution that addresses the problem of estimating a mean of normally distributed population when the sample size is small) check 1. 3 – table Confidence interval: the probability that the range of numbers contains the â€Å"true† mean (50% confidence – range of numbers contains true mean 50% of the time, 90% 90% of time – mas malaki range of values ng 90%) Comparison of data against a set of values get tcalculated – (x-mean/s)(vn)* get tcritical using table (DOFreedom: n-1)95% CL If tcalculated tcritical – data is same as the set of data being compared; if not then different Comparison of Two Data Sets: determine if two results obtained by the same method are statistically the same Tcalculated: (mean result of sample 1 – mean of sample two/stdevn pooled)(v(number of measurements of 1*num of measurements of 2)/(num of measurements of 1 + num of measurements of 2)) CHECK 1. 4 FORMULA SHEET Compare calculated to to value on student’s t probability table (DOF: (n1 + n2 – 2) If calculated t is greater than, then the two are different (easier to achieve for lower % confidence level) Comparison of two methods: check 1. 5 formula sheet Bad data: Q test: used to decide whether or not to reject a â€Å"bad† data point (arrange data increasing order, get range) Q = gap/range (gap = the value minus the value nearest it) Grubbs test: accept or not an outlier = Gcalculated= lOutlier-meanl/s (less than or equal to, retain) 1. 6 Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding and Interactions It’s all about stability: noble gases are intert, it comes from their electronic structure Isolectronic: same electron configuration Ionic bonding: due to electrostatic attraction arising from an exchange of electrons Covalent bonding: chemical bond in which two or more electrons are shared by two atoms Polar covalent or polar bond: covalent bond with greater electron density around one of two atoms (electronnegativy) VSEPR: linear, bent, trigonal planar (bent if AX2E), tetrahedral(trigonal pyramidal, 1 lone; bent 2 lone), (seesaw, t-shaped, linear), octahedral (square pyramidal, square planar) Chapter 6: Intermolecular forces of attraction intermolecular forces: attractive forces between molecules; intramolecular forces: hold atoms together in a molecule (stronger) â€Å"measure of intermolecular force: boiling, melting, heat of vaporization, fusion, sublimation intra: ionic, covalent, metallic inter: ion-dipole (ion charge – dipole charge, ion-polar) ? H bonding (F,O,N-H) ? dipole-dipole (dipole charges or two polar) ? Ion-induced dipole (ion and nonpolar, ion charge-polarizable e- cloud) ? Diple-induced dipole (polar and non polar) ? Dispersion (london)(polarizable e- clouds the more polar, the stronger the interaction, higher dipole moment, higher boiling point hydrogen bonds are responsible for: ice floating, ice is ordere with an open structure to optimize H-bonding, therefore ice is less dense than water thus creates insulating layer on water hydrogen bonding responsible for protein structure: protein folding and DNA transport Polarizability: ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted (increases with greater number of electrons and more diffuse electron cloud) Instantaneous dipole: in that instant a dipole is formed, increase with molar mass, increase with length of molecule (not compact) Surface tension: amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area Strong intermolecular forces = high surface tension Cohesion: intermolecular attraction between like molecules (pataas meniscus); adhesion – attraction between unlike molecul es (concave meniscus) Viscosity: measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (strong intermolecular forces = high viscosity) Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Chapter 7: Kinetics reaction rate: changes in the concentrations of reactants or products per unit of time collision theory: atoms, ions, and molecules react to form products when they collide with one another, provided that the colliding particles have enough kinetic energy activation energy minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react requirements: must have proper orientation; must have enough kinetic energy to reach activation energy factors that influence reaction rate: concentration (molecules must collide), physical state (must mix), temperature (must collide with enough energy), catalyst reactant concentrations decrease while product concentrations increase (A ? B) rate of reaction= -(change in concentration of A/change in time)= -(conc A2-conA1)/t2-t1 aA + bB ? cC + dD Rate = -(1/a)(? [A]/? t)= -1/b([B]/? t numerical value of the rate depends upon the substance that serves as the reference. The changes in concentration of other reaction components are relative to their co efficients in the balanced chemical equation reaction orders: see formula sheet Integrated Rate Laws: rate = -? [A]/? t = k[A] First order rate equation see formula sheet K[A]^2 second-order rate equation ? [A]/? t = k[A]^0 zero order rate equation = -kt Units of the rate constant k for several reaction orders see formula sheet Arrhenius equation: effect of temperature on reaction rate see formula sheet Frequency factor: importance of molecular orientation to an effective collision Reaction mechanisms: see formula sheet table (example: elementary step A? product, molecularity: unimolecular: rate law: k[A] Rate-determining step: overall rate of a reaction is the slowest step Correlating the mechanism with the Rate law: Elementary steps must add up to the overall balanced equation Elementary steps must be physically reasonable Mechanism must correlate with the rate law Chapter 8: Acid-base titrations Bronsted-Lowry definition of Acids and bases (acids-proton donors; bases-proton acceptors) Acid-base neutralization reaction results into the formation of the conjugate acid and base of the reaction base and acid respectively (stronger acid, weaker the conjugate base) Water undergoes autoprotolysis. This is the disassociation of water into H3O+ and OH- Kw=[H3O+][OH-]ph = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-] ph+ pOH =14 pH: measure of the degree of acidity of solutions. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution battery acid (0), lemon juice(2. 2), vinegar (2. 7), apples (3), tomato juice (4. 3), rain (5. 6), milk (6. 8), human urine and blood (7. 5), seawater (8. 1), milk of magnesia (10. 5), ammonia (12), lye (13) alkaline strengths of acids and bases depend on the extent of reaction/dissociation to produce H+ and OH- respectively strong: complete dissociation, forward reaction *weak: incomplete, equilibrium strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4 bases: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, R4 + OH weak acid and bases do not completely dissociate in water. The degree of dissociation is described by the acid or base dissociation constants Acid dissociation constant (Ka) ? HA + H2O H3O+ + A-Ka = [H3O+][A-]/[HA] Base dissociation constant (Kb) A- + H2OOH- + HAKb = [OH]][HA]/[A-] Conjugate pairs Kw = KaKb A buffer is a solution that can resist the change in pH when small amounts of acids and bases are added when diluted (a lot of reactions are dependent on pH, buffers are important in the control of ph) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA] Stong base vs strong acid ? equivalence point: steepest point Acid-base indicator changes color as it is protonated or deprotonated, different indicators change color at different pH because they have different dissociation constants Weak acid Vs Strong base: graph has two pa-curve, one for when pH = pKa then one for equivalence Kjeldahl titration: total nitrogen and total protein Microtitration Chapter 9: Gravimetric and Combustion Analysis in gravimetric analysis, the mass of the product is used to estimate the amount of the original analyte, one of the earlierst analytical chemistry techniques analytical balance and desiccator are two most important equipment in gravimetry constant weighing: series of drying, cooling, and weighing until constant weight is reached commonly used desiccants in order of decreasing efficiency: magnesium perchlorate, barium oxide, alumina, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium chloride, drierite (calcium sulfate), silica gel indicator: copper sulfate (blue ? pink) Representative gravimetric techniques: % Moisture, Total Fat, Homogenous precipitation, Ignition, Combustion analysis see formula sheet Precipitation gravimetry: properties of precipitates: Readily filtered and washed free of contamints, sufficiently low solubility so that no significant loss of the analyte occurs during filtration and washing, unreactive with constituents of the atmosphere, not hygroscopic, of known composition after drying or ignition Techniques that promote particle growth: raising temperature to increase solubility and decrease supersaturation, adding precipitant slowly with vigorous mixing to avoid local supersaturation, keep volume of solution large and concentrations of analyte low Formation of crystals occur in two phases: nucleation, particle growth (bigger crystals: particle growth) Types of precipitates: colloidal (NiS), curdy (AgCl), fine crystalline (BaSO4), coarse crystalline (PbCl2), gelatinous (Fe(OH)3). Coprecipitations and other challenges of gravimetry Adsorption vs absorption and inclusion (ordered inside molecule) vs occlusion (kalat sa molecule, possibly containing solvent) Digestion, reprecipitation Aging (Ostwald ripening) and pe ptization Ignition and Thermogravimetric analysis Combustion and elemental analyses Chapter 9: Properties of Solutions â€Å"like dissolves like† two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents remember: physical state of solvent determines the physical state of the solution solubility increases as the shape/length of molecule increases Gas solutions: all gases are infinitely soluble in one another Gas-solid solutions: when gas dissolves in a solid, it occupies the spaces between closely packed particles Solid-solid solutions: example, brass Why substances dissolve? ? three types of interactions in the solution process: solvent-solvent interaction, solute-solute interaction, solvent-solute interaction (? Hsoln = ? Hsolvent + ? Hsolute + ? Hmix) Solution process: exothermic vs endothermic (exothermic, final amount of energy is less than initial) Heats of hydration: ? Hsoln = ? lattice + ? hydr (? hydr is the combination of enthalphy changes for separating solvent and mixing the solute) Change in entropy: solution usually has higher entropy than the pure solute and pure solvent Systems tend toward a state of lower enthalpy and higher entropy Solubility as an equilibrium proce ss A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature Effect of temperature on solubility: most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures; gas solubility in water decreases with rising temperature Effect of pressure on solubility: Sgas = Kh x Pgas (Kh is Henry’s law constant; specific for given gas-solvent at a given temperature) ? inversely proportional formula sheet Colligative properties – properties that depend only on the number of solute particles and not on the nature of the solute particles Electrolyte: dissociates into ions in aqeous solutions and nonelectrolyte: does not Vapour-pressure lowering – vapor pressure of the solution is lower than the vapor pre ssure of the pure solvent see formula sheet (called Raoult’s law) Boiling-Point elevation: solution boils at higher temperature than the pure solvent (formula) Freezing-point depression: solutions freeze at lower temperature than pure solvent? Osmotic Pressure (? ) – pressure required to stop osmosis Osmosis – selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one Semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules Proportional to (n solute/Vsolution ) or to Molarity May be computed through ? = MRT (molarity)(gas constant)(temperature) Colligative properties of strong electrolyte solutiosn Van’t hoff factor, i, tells us what the effect number of ions are in the solution Measured value for electrolyte solution/(expected value for nonelectrolyte solution) Actual number of particles in solution after dissociation/(number of formula units initially dissolved in solution) Chapter 10: analytical Separations sample purity: many chemical analysis are not specific for a compound, often necessary to purify compound of interest techniques: extraction, distillation, precipitation, chromatography, centrifugation, filtration Extractions: transfer a compound from one chemical phase to another (two phases used can be liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, etc)Sphase ? k? Sphase 2 k= partition coefficient Extraction efficiency – fraction of moles of S remaining in phase 1 after one extraction can be determined if the value of k and the voumes of phases 1 and 2 are known When n approaches infinity, eventually the amount of S remaining in phase 1 becomes 0 (responsible for water memory, (homoepathic med water memory activity of drug even; detects antibody after 110^120 dilution, placebo effect) pH affects extractions ? for weaks acid and bases, protonated and non-protonated forms usually have different partition coefficients (k) charged form (A- or BH+) will not be extracted, neutral form (HA or B) will be extracted Partitioning is described in terms of the total amount of a substance Individual concentrations of both B and BH+ or HA and A- are more difficult to determine Partitioning is regardless of form in both phases (described by the distribution coefficient (D) Distribution of a weak base or weak acid is pH dependent Ability to change distribution ratio of weak acid/base useful in selecting conditions for extraction some but not all Use low ph to extract HA but not BH+ and high pH to extract B but not A- Extraction with a metal chelator Metal ions may be separated from one another by using various organic complexing agents (soluble in organic solvent) Common complexing agents: cupferron, 8-hyroxyquionaline, dithizone, crown ethers Many of the complexing agents bind to a varity of metals (diff erent strengths and equilibrium constants) A metal ion extraction may be mode selective for a particular metal by choosing a complexing agent at high affinity to the metal and by adjusting the pH of extraction Chromatography: separation technique based on the different rates of travel of solutes through a system composed of two phases Stationary phase: chemical phase which remains in the column (chromatographic system) and mobile phase: chemical phase which travels through column (eluent in ? column ? eluate out) Support: solid onto which the stationary phase is chemically attached or coated Chromatography detects compounds emerging in column by changes in absorbance, voltage, current, etc Solutes are separated in chromatography by the different interactions with the stationary phase and mobile phase (solutes that interact more with the stationary phase take longer to pass) Retention time: time it takes a compound to pass through a column Retention volume: volume of mobile phase needed to push a solute through the column Fundamental measures of solute retention: Adjusted retention time: (tr’) additional time required for a solute to travel through a vacuum beyond the time required for non-retained solute (tr’ = tr-tm) Relative retention: ratio of adjusted retention between two solutes (higher relative ret, higher separation, higher capacity factor) Capacity factor (k’): longer the component is retained by the column, greater this is (may be used to monitor performance of a column if you will use a standard)(directly proportional to partition coefficient, k) Efficiency of separation: the width of a solute peak is important in determining how well one solute is separated from another (one measure of this is the width of the peak at half-height (w1/2) The separation of two solutes in chromatography depends both on the width of the peaks and their degrees of retention Resolution, you want this /=1. 5 (tr2-tr1/((wb2+wb1)/2) Measure of column efficiency: number of theoretical plates (N), similar to number of extractions, as N increases, greater the separation between the two compounds Height equivalents of a theoretical plate (H or HETP): distance along the column that corresponds to â€Å"one† theoretical separation plate As H decreases, more steps per column are possible (results in narrower peaks and better separation between two neighboring solutes) H is affected by flow of rate of mobile phase, size of support (directly proportional), diffusion of solute (inversely prop), strength of retention Improve resolution by increasing column length Why bands spread? Efficiency is dependent on peak width through the column C (described as standard dev) Factors: sample injection, longitudal diffusion, finite equilibriation between phases, multiple flow paths Sample injection: sample is injected on the column with a finite width which contributes to the overall broadening (similar broadening may occur in detector) Longitudinal diffusion: bands slowly broaden as molecules difuse more from high contentration in band to regions of lower concentrations Finite equilibriation time between phases: finite time is required to equilibriate between stationary and mobile phase at each plate (same solute is stuck in stationary phase as remainder moves forward in mobile phase) Multiple flow paths – some arrive sooner than others because of different paths travelled and distances description of band spread: plate height is proportional to band width (smaller plate height, narrow the band) ? Von Deemter equation Types of Liquid Chromatography Adsorption chromatography: solutes are separated based on their abilities to adsorb the support’s surfaces (uses an underivatized solid support, stationary phase = solid support)(oldest) Partition chrom – solutes are separated based on their ability to partition between stationary and mobile phase (uses solid support coated or chemically derivatized w/a a polar or nonpolar layer)(most common)(good for organic compounds) reversed phase: stationary is nonpolar Ion-exchange chromatography: separate ions based on their abilities to interact with fixed exchange sites (uses solid support containing fixed charges (exchange sites) on surface (cation exchange: support neg groups; anion-exchange: supports positive groups) Size exclusion chrom: separates large and small solutes based on their different abilities to enter the pores (uses porous support that does not absorb solutes)(used to separate biological molecules/polymers which differ in size/MW) Affinity chromatography: base d on ability to bind to the affinity liquid (support that contains an immobilized biological molecule (affinity ligand)(purify bio molecules) and most selective) Packed and open-tubular columns (higher resolution, increased sensitivity but small capacity - no bond spreading from multiple paths; higher flow rates, longer columns – more theoretical plates and resolution) Chapter 11: Spectrophotometry colorimetry: analytical technique in which the concentration of an analyte is measured by its ability to produce or change the color of a solution changes the solution’s ability to absorb light; comes in two kinds: instrumental, non-instrumental spectrophotometry: any technique that uses light to measure chemical concentrations a colorimetric method where an instrument is used to determine the amount of an analyte in a sample by the sample’s ability or inability to absorb light at a certain wavelength example: measurement of ozone above south pole Properties of Light Particles